- 著者
- Hirofumi Zempo Mitsuaki Isobe Hisashi Naito
- 出版者
- The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine
- 雑誌
- The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.6, no.1, pp.25-31, 2017-01-25 (Released:2017-01-21)
- 参考文献数
- 91
- 被引用文献数
- 12
The mechanism which causes sarcopenia, a loss of muscle mass and strength with aging, remains unclear. Muscle mass is controlled by the net balance between protein synthesis and breakdown; however, net balance differences in the basal state do not contribute to sarcopenia. On the other hand, anabolic resistance, a reduction in muscle protein synthesis in response to protein intake, does seem to be involved in sarcopenia. Muscles which are subject to anabolic resistance do not show incremental blood flow volume during the fed-state. Because the vascular system transports amino acids and other nutrients that are essential for muscle protein synthesis, blood flow volume may be a regulator of anabolic resistance. There is some evidence of a link between blood flow and muscle protein metabolism. In addition, a combination of resistance training and amino acid supplementation promotes a positive net protein balance. Resistance training improves, and detraining reduces blood flow volume; therefore, blood flow volume may be involved as a background mechanism for sarcopenia. Moreover, previous studies have shown that sodium nitroprusside, a vasodilatory nitric oxide donor, enhances muscle protein synthesis. Conversely, angiotensin II, a major vasoconstrictive peptide, induces skeletal muscle protein breakdown. In this review, we discuss a possible role for blood flow in skeletal muscle protein metabolism in elderly adults. The regulation of blood flow may prove to be a beneficial treatment for sarcopenia.
- 著者
- NORIYUKI FUKU ERI MIYAMOTO-MIKAMI NAOKI KIKUCHI HIROFUMI ZEMPO HISASHI NAITO
- 出版者
- 順天堂医学会
- 雑誌
- 順天堂醫事雑誌 (ISSN:21879737)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.62, no.Suppl.1, pp.22-28, 2016 (Released:2017-07-27)
- 参考文献数
- 41
A number of familial and twin studies have assessed the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to physical performance or its-related traits, and a significant genetic component has been predicted to affect phenotypes. A twin study indicated that the heritability of athletic status is 66%. Thus, genetic factors appear to be important for determining elite sporting performance. To date, over 200 genes in both nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been reported to be associated with physical performance and health-related fitness. However, most studies have been reported in European populations. In the Asian population, only 3 genetic loci have been linked to physical performance, including angiotensin I-converting enzyme and α-actinin-3 genetic polymorphisms and mtDNA polymorphisms (mitochondrial haplogroups). In this review, we discuss the genetics of elite sporting performance, particularly in Asian populations, and their effects on lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and age-related muscle wasting (i.e., sarcopenia).