著者

Yuki Tamura Hideo Hatta

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.3, pp.151-158, 2017-05-25 (Released:2017-05-17)

参考文献数

50

被引用文献数

8

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Heat stress treatment is a classic physical therapy, which is employed in the orthopedic field. In the field of physical fitness/sports science, morphological changes of skeletal muscle by heat stress have been well studied. In recent years, energy metabolic adaptations by heat stress have also been actively studied. In this review, we provide an overview of recent findings on heat stress-induced mitochondrial adaptations in skeletal muscles, and further discuss our unpublished data and recent findings in related research fields. First, we summarized heat stress-induced positive regulation of mitochondrial content and its underlying molecular mechanisms from perspectives of mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation. Consequently, we reviewed beneficial effects of heat stress on mitochondrial health in disused and aged muscles, focusing on mitochondrial stress response at the organelle level (mitochondrial selective autophagy; mitophagy) and molecular level (mitochondrial unfolded protein response). Finally, we overviewed future directions to better understand heat stress-induced mitochondrial adaptations in skeletal muscle.

著者

Shinnosuke Hada Sungdo Kim Kei Kawaguchi Kazuo Kaneko Muneaki Ishijima Yoshimasa Tomita Kazuo Isayama

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.4, pp.255-260, 2022-07-25 (Released:2022-07-12)

参考文献数

15

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Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport with a high incidence of concussions, including knockouts (KO) due to direct attacks to the head. Once a concussion occurs in a fighter, the rate of concussion recurrence increases. Therefore, participation in matches may be weakened to head impacts as fighters experience repeated concussions. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the occurrence of concussions in male mixed martial arts athletes during the most recent match and their past match records. The analysis included 104 male fighters who competed in elite-level professional MMA competitions. In the most current match, 44 fighters experienced a concussion and 60 fighters did not. Previous KO losses (mean, 2.9) were significantly higher in the fighters who had experienced a concussion compared to fighters who had not (p < 0.0001). Concussion rates (65.0%) were significantly higher in fighters with three or more previous KO losses compared with the rates for fighters with less than 3 previous KO losses (p = 0.03). The odds ratio for the occurrence of concussions in fighters with a history of KO losses was 2.3 times that of fighters without a history of KO losses (p = 0.004). Fighters who had competed in more than 30 matches had a significantly higher incidence of concussions (60.8%) than fighters who had competed in less than 30 matches (37.0%) (p = 0.04). The occurrence of concussions in male MMA fighters is related to the number of previous KO losses and the number of matches.

著者

Shigenobu Shibata Yu Tahara

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.65-72, 2014-03-25 (Released:2014-03-20)

参考文献数

99

被引用文献数

3 11

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In mammals, the circadian clock organizes physiological processes, including sleep/wake patterns, hormonal secretion, and metabolism, and regulates athletic performance. The circadian system is responsive to environmental changes such as light/dark cycles, food intake, and exercise. In this review, we will focus on the central and peripheral circadian molecular clock system, discussing how circadian rhythm affects athletic performance and muscle metabolism, and how exercise entrains the circadian rhythm. Importance of exercise training in rescuing circadian deficit–induced metabolic disorder is also discussed. The interaction of the circadian clock and exercise, called “chrono-exercise,” is poised to become an important research field of chronobiology.

著者

Hirofumi Zempo Mitsuaki Isobe Hisashi Naito

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.25-31, 2017-01-25 (Released:2017-01-21)

参考文献数

91

被引用文献数

12

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The mechanism which causes sarcopenia, a loss of muscle mass and strength with aging, remains unclear. Muscle mass is controlled by the net balance between protein synthesis and breakdown; however, net balance differences in the basal state do not contribute to sarcopenia. On the other hand, anabolic resistance, a reduction in muscle protein synthesis in response to protein intake, does seem to be involved in sarcopenia. Muscles which are subject to anabolic resistance do not show incremental blood flow volume during the fed-state. Because the vascular system transports amino acids and other nutrients that are essential for muscle protein synthesis, blood flow volume may be a regulator of anabolic resistance. There is some evidence of a link between blood flow and muscle protein metabolism. In addition, a combination of resistance training and amino acid supplementation promotes a positive net protein balance. Resistance training improves, and detraining reduces blood flow volume; therefore, blood flow volume may be involved as a background mechanism for sarcopenia. Moreover, previous studies have shown that sodium nitroprusside, a vasodilatory nitric oxide donor, enhances muscle protein synthesis. Conversely, angiotensin II, a major vasoconstrictive peptide, induces skeletal muscle protein breakdown. In this review, we discuss a possible role for blood flow in skeletal muscle protein metabolism in elderly adults. The regulation of blood flow may prove to be a beneficial treatment for sarcopenia.

著者

Hiromi Yano Michael J. Kremenik Masataka Uchida Eri Oyanagi

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.3, pp.153-159, 2018-05-25 (Released:2018-05-16)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

3

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In understanding the relationship between exercise and immunity, the “open window theory” is a well-known theory stating that immediately after high intensity exercise, temporary immunosuppression occurs, which increases the risk of infections such as upper respiratory tract infections. Why does such a phenomenon occur? Does immunosuppression after severe exercise have physiological significance? In this paper, we propose a theory of super homeostasis. In other words, we verify that the open window theory is an important biological reaction when trying to understand the reason why we do exercise, more than it is the indispensable physiological response to the whole body.

著者

Naoya Takei Kenya Takahashi Katsuyuki Kakinoki Hideo Hatta

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.5, pp.253-259, 2018-09-25 (Released:2018-09-25)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

1

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Over the past few decades, several studies have been conducted on the relationships between peak blood lactate concentration (PBLC) and exercise performance. However, it is still controversial whether PBLC has a correlation with exercise performance, and if it can be a reliable indicator for energy metabolism during short-term high-intensity exercise. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to establish a new reliable indicator. PBLC isn’t able to reflect individual differences in kinetics of post-exercise blood lactate concentration (e.g. different time point of PBLC). Thus, to reflect the individual differences, we focused on the rate of increase in post-exercise blood lactate concentration (RIBLC). Twenty-two male university track athletes were divided into a sprinter group (S: n = 14) and middle- to long-distance runner group (ML: n = 8). 400-m (meter) time trials and blood samplings were conducted to measure exercise performance (average running velocity) and blood lactate concentration. In the present study, PBLC had no significant correlations with average running velocity in both S and ML. The present study supports previous studies that reported no correlations between PBLC and exercise performance. In contrast, significant correlations between RIBLC and average running velocity were observed in both S and ML (r = 0.69, p < 0.001 and r = 0.93, p < 0.01, respectively). RIBLC was significantly higher in ML than S (p < 0.05). It is assumed that RIBLC indicates lactate transport capacity and plays an important role in 400-m sprinting. Based on these results, RIBLC could be a new indicator for energy metabolism during short-term high-intensity exercise.

著者

Keishi Soga Keita Kamijo Hiroaki Masaki

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.57-67, 2016-03-25 (Released:2016-03-18)

参考文献数

78

被引用文献数

4 5

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An increasing number of studies have examined the effects of acute aerobic exercise on executive function (i.e., higher-order cognitive abilities involved in goal-directed behaviors) in healthy children. More recently, studies have begun to extend these empirical findings to children with neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we review what is known about the effects of acute exercise on executive function in children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders. Overall, moderate acute aerobic exercise can transiently improve executive function in children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders. Further, these effects of acute exercise may differ depending on type of exercise, participant characteristics (e.g., fitness levels, executive function capacity, type of neurodevelopmental disorder), and timing of cognitive task administration (i.e., after versus during exercise). Despite the increasing number of findings, it is still premature to suggest effective exercise types and/or intensity levels to produce improvements in executive function in children. Further studies are needed to address this issue. Finally, future research directions are discussed in more detail.

著者

Taichi Yamaguchi Kojiro Ishii

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.1, pp.121-129, 2014-03-25 (Released:2014-03-20)

参考文献数

62

被引用文献数

13 20

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Previous studies have indicated that dynamic stretching acutely improves explosive performance, and dynamic stretching is now incorporated into warm-up protocols prior to sports activities that require explosive performance. The optimal protocol for dynamic stretching, however, has not been clarified. The purpose of this review is to clarify the optimal protocols for velocity and volume (i.e., repetition or distance x set) in dynamic stretching to improve explosive performance by systematic investigation. For velocity, the rate of change in explosive performance when dynamic stretching was performed “as fast as possible” (7.6 ± 3.8%) was significantly (P < 0.01) greater compared to when dynamic stretching was performed “without setting the velocity” (1.1 ± 5.3%). This finding suggested that dynamic stretching should be performed “as fast as possible”. As for volume, the repetition of dynamic stretching was significantly (P < 0.01) negatively correlated with the rate of change in explosive performance only when dynamic stretching was performed without setting the velocity. The distance of dynamic stretching was also significantly (P < 0.05) negatively correlated with the rate of change in explosive performance. These findings suggest that explosive performance might become impaired as the volume of dynamic stretching increases. By combining simple regression analysis of the repetition or the distance of dynamic stretching and the rate of change in explosive performance with a systematic investigation, it was found that the optimal “repetition” or “distance” x “set” of dynamic stretching was “10-15 repetitions” or “10 yards-20 meters” x “1-2 sets”, respectively.

著者

Yumiko Takahashi Yutaka Matsunaga Yuki Tamura Eiki Urushibata Shin Terada Hideo Hatta

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.5, pp.531-537, 2014-11-25 (Released:2014-12-05)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

4 6

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Previous studies suggested that taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) administration enhances glucose uptake, one of the rate-limiting factors for glycogen synthesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of post-exercise taurine administration on glycogen repletion in skeletal muscle in ICR mice. In experiment 1, we orally administered either taurine (0.5 mg/g body weight) solution or physiological saline immediately after treadmill running at 25 m/min for 90 min. The serum free fatty acid (FFA) concentration at 60 min after the exercise was significantly higher in the taurine-treated group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). At 120 min after the exercise, the tibialis anterior muscle glycogen concentration in the taurine-treated group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, we orally administered either glucose (1 mg/g body weight) solution or glucose solution containing taurine immediately after and at 60 min after the exercise. The area under the curve (AUC) for blood glucose concentration from 0 to 60 min after the exercise was significantly smaller in the taurine-treated group compared with the control group (p < 0.01). Our results show that post-exercise taurine administration enhances glycogen repletion in skeletal muscle. Higher skeletal muscle glycogen concentration by taurine administration may be partly due to the acceleration of glucose uptake. In addition, as the elevation of blood FFA level leads to an increase in fat oxidation, it is possible that a higher serum FFA concentration by taurine treatment is related to the sparing of carbohydrate for glycogen repletion.

著者

Ryoichi Ema Ryota Akagi Taku Wakahara Yasuo Kawakami

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.37-46, 2016-03-25 (Released:2016-03-18)

参考文献数

97

被引用文献数

31

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The present review summarizes current evidence and unresolved issues regarding training-induced changes in the architecture of human skeletal muscles. As architectural parameters, we focused on the fascicle length and pennation angle, which are related to force-generating capability of pennate muscles. Cross-sectional studies in sport athletes suggested changes in both the parameters following chronic sport-specific activities. Longitudinal training intervention experiments indicated direct evidence of the plasticity of the two parameters induced by resistance training, but no consensus has been reached regarding the factors influencing those changes. Considering the importance of fascicle arrangement on muscle function, future studies are required to explain the underpinning mechanisms of the adaptation.

著者

Tetsuya Izawa Jun-etsu Ogasawara Takuya Sakurai Sachiko Nomura Takako Kizaki Hideki Ohno

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.3, pp.381-387, 2012-09-25 (Released:2012-10-23)

参考文献数

64

被引用文献数

2

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White adipose tissue (WAT) is located beneath the skin as subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), around internal organs as visceral adipose tissue (VAT), pericardial and epicardial adipose tissue, and inside muscles in human beings. Recent studies indicate that developmental and patterning genes are differentially expressed in SAT and VAT, and some of these genes exhibit changes in expression that closely correlate with the extent of obesity and pattern of fat distribution. Furthermore, the development of adipocytes from mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells is thought to be mediated by developmental signaling molecules including nodal, Wnt/wingless (Wg), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors (FGF), and others. Of these, BMPs and the FGF family have been suggested to play a role in maintaining energy homeostasis. However, it remains unclear whether these developmental and patterning genes are associated with morphological changes in WAT in response to exercise training (TR). On the other hand, when TR reduces the number of adipocytes in WAT, it increases preadipocyte factor 1 mRNA expression but down-regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ mRNA expression in stromal-vascular fraction cells, including adipose tissue-derived stromal cells, via the up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, which may also up-regulate the mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and its receptor. The purpose of this review is to summarize the research to date on the morphology of WAT and adipose tissue cellularity in exercise adaptation.

著者

Yudai Takarada

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.2, pp.123-130, 2016-03-25 (Released:2016-05-14)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

3

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Low-to-moderate intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion induces increased muscle mass and strength, comparable to that after conventional heavy resistance training. Also, participants feel as if they require greater force (effort) to lift a weight when undergoing resistance exercise following vascular occlusion. Vascular occlusion of the proximal upper arm increased perceived magnitude of exerted hand-grip force without causing any accompanying changes either in electromyographic or efferent/afferent activity of the median nerve. There was also no effect on motor evoked potentials in the hand following resting-state transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1). Moreover, low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (lf-rTMS) over the left primary somatosensory cortex did not significantly affect estimations of right-hand grip force exertion. Thus, the primary factor responsible for the overestimation of force exertion with increased voluntary effort (“sense of effort”) during occlusion was the central signal related to motor command size. Brain imaging studies show that vascular occlusion increases M1 activity during force exertion, which may be related to functions of motor-related cortical areas, e.g., supplementary motor area, as sources of excitatory input to M1. M1 suppression by lf-rTMS during force exertion causes participants’ sense of effort and force perception to increase. This mechanism may also operate during muscular contraction with vascular occlusion. It is easy to imagine perceiving maximal effort when we consciously try to produce maximal force; however, does M1 activity become maximal at that point in time? In this study, the liberation of potential muscular strength, focusing on the motor system state before awareness of motor intention, is looked at.

著者

Yoshihisa Umemura

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.1, pp.7-12, 2016-03-25 (Released:2016-03-18)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

1 6

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Mechanical loads on the skeleton imposed by exercise increase bone mass and strength. The sensor in the osteocyte that detects mechanical stress, the mechano-sensor, responds to bone strain caused by mechanical loading. Greater magnitude and rate of strain increases osteogenic response, making high-impact exercise, which imposes large and dynamic strain on the skeleton, an effective mode of exercise. However, the sensitivity of the mechano-sensor (mechano-sensitivity) drops after a large number of repetitions performed within an exercise session, which has diminishing returns. It takes several hours or several days to reestablish mechano-sensitivity after the last loading session. It is important to consider the time to recovery of mechano-sensitivity when determining optimal exercise frequency.

著者

Kaito Iwayama Kumpei Tokuyama

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.2, pp.307-316, 2012-07-25 (Released:2012-09-11)

参考文献数

56

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Indirect calorimetry with a room-size respiratory chamber provides an ideal setting to monitor energy metabolism for a prolonged period. During the last 10 years, experiments with this method have raised interesting observations such as: 1) exercise intensity has no effect on 24 h fat oxidation, 2) exercise has little, if any, effect on 24 h fat oxidation, and 3) exercise before breakfast increases 24 h fat oxidation. To some of the scientific community and general public, the first two statements may be unacceptable. But it can be factually explained that the impact of exercise on energy metabolism is not confined to the period of physical activity itself, and that fat oxidation remains elevated during the post-exercise period. The third observation seems to be insignificant, but contradicts the second one. It is premature to conclude that exercise has no effect on 24 h fat oxidation.

著者

Kuniko Moto Mika Goshozono Suguru Torii Akira Namba Motoko Taguchi

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.35-42, 2022-01-25 (Released:2022-01-14)

参考文献数

37

被引用文献数

2

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Menstrual disorders are health problems in female athletes. It has also been reported that amenorrhea can lead to metabolic suppression. However, studies regarding resting energy expenditure (REE) in Japanese female athletes with menstrual disorders are lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether REE was suppressed in female Japanese athletes with menstrual disorders. In total, 22 highly trained intercollegiate athletes participated in this study; and body composition, REE, thyroid and reproductive hormone levels, and nutritional intake levels were measured. Predicted REE (REEp) was calculated using two different equations based on fat-free mass (FFM) and organ-tissue mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Individuals with menstrual disorders (MD group) had significantly lower height, body weight, and fat mass than those in the eumenorrheic (EU) group; however, the FFM did not differ between the groups. Both the measured REE (REEm) and REEm adjusted for FFM in the MD group were lower than those in the EU group. The REEm to REEp ratio, which indicates energy deficiency, was also lower in the MD group. In addition, although the MD group had lower triiodothyronine and progesterone levels, they were still within the normal range. Japanese female athletes with menstrual disorders may have lower REE than eumenorrheic athletes, even if thyroid and reproductive hormones are within the normal range.

著者

Masato Nishiwaki Naoyuki Matsumoto

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.187-195, 2015-05-25 (Released:2015-05-28)

参考文献数

49

被引用文献数

2 3

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This review summarizes recent findings regarding the status of physical activity and introduces effective methods of intervention. Data from our serial cross-sectional study between 2003 and 2012 suggested that the decline in step counts over the last decade is mainly related to a reduction in non-exercise activity associated with the increased use of cell phones or computers and with playing video games. We then examined the effects of lifestyle interventions using an activity monitor with computerized game functions or an activity monitor and Twitter on physical activity and body composition. These findings suggested that lifestyle interventions using both of these strategies increases daily physical activity and reduces body fat more effectively than using an activity monitor alone. In addition, changes in physical activity and in body fat were significantly correlated. We also applied a randomized intervention to examine an effective method of increasing physical activity levels among college physical education students using a pedometer. We found that using a pedometer and inducing friendly competition or encouragement from peers increased step counts more effectively during soccer classes. These findings therefore have important implications for ensuring compliance with the Physical Activity Reference for Health Promotion 2013 and Active Guide.

著者

Keiko Unno

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.2, pp.117-122, 2016-05-25 (Released:2016-05-14)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

4 10

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Since aging is the most important risk factor for dementia, measures to slow the onset of brain aging are an important strategy for preventing dementia. Accumulation of oxidative damage is considered to be a major cause of aging. Catechins in green tea (GTCs) have powerful antioxidative activity. Ingestion of GTCs suppressed oxidative damage, brain atrophy and cognitive decline in aged mice. Age-related cognitive decline was significantly suppressed in mice when middle-aged mice started to drink green tea catechins. Middle-aged people are thus expected to be able to suppress brain aging by ingestion of GTCs. In addition, numerous people are stressed under various conditions. Brain aging was accelerated and lifespan shortened in experimental animals that were chronically and psychosocially stressed. Theanine, an amino acid in green tea, suppressed stress-induced aging. However, the anti-stress effect of theanine is blocked by catechins and caffeine that are main components in green tea. Daily drinking of several cups of green tea is considered to suppress brain aging. In addition, theanine-rich green tea or green tea with a lowered level of caffeine is expected to suppress stress and stress-induced aging.

著者

Kenta Yamamoto

出版者

The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.1, pp.1-5, 2017-01-25 (Released:2017-01-21)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

1 8

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Most Japanese people have had their flexibility tested in childhood physical education classes. Recent studies may provide a retrospective answer as to why those measurements may be important. Flexibility is one of the components of physical fitness along with cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength. Although flexibility was originally assumed to correlate with other aspects of physical fitness, recent studies demonstrate that a less flexible body indicates arterial stiffening. Arterial stiffness has been identified as an independent risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, there is a possibility that flexibility is a novel fitness indicator related to cardiovascular disease, which can be easily evaluated over all ages and in any area (e.g., medical check-up). Now, flexibility may no longer be simply viewed as important just for optimizing functional movement in daily life and/or reducing the risk of injury. This article reviews the recent findings on the relationship between flexibility and arterial stiffness, emphasizing “flexibility and arterial stiffness”, “genetics and flexibility”, “stretching and arterial stiffness”, and “flexibility and blood pressure”.

著者

Keiji Hayashi

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.143-149, 2015-05-25 (Released:2015-05-28)

参考文献数

59

被引用文献数

3

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More than a hundred years ago, it was first reported that increases in body temperature stimulate minute ventilation. Since then, the characteristics, mechanisms and physiological meaning of this ventilatory response to increasing body temperature, so-called hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation, have gradually been uncovered. For example, it is now known that hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation has a core temperature threshold, like heat-dissipating responses (sweating and cutaneous vasodilation); but several factors affecting heat-dissipating responses do not influence the ventilatory response to increasing body temperature. On the other hand, evidence from several studies suggests there may be some relation between hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation and heat-dissipating responses. In addition, more recent evidence indicates that hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation may be related to central fatigue, which is considered to be one of the reasons exercise performance is diminished in heat. In fact, it has been suggested that hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation causes cerebral blood perfusion to be reduced, which decreases cerebral oxygenation and heat removal. This review presents an overview of the characteristics of the ventilatory response to increasing body temperature and its effect on central fatigue.

著者

Yuhei Makanae Riki Ogasawara Satoshi Fujita

出版者

一般社団法人日本体力医学会

雑誌

The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.217-221, 2015-05-25 (Released:2015-05-28)

参考文献数

48

被引用文献数

1

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Concurrent training, which is a combination of resistance exercise (RE) and endurance exercise (EE) performed in succession, is used to improve both muscle strength and cardiovascular function. Although numerous studies have investigated the effects of concurrent training on muscle adaptation, no consensus has been reached. Skeletal muscle adaptation is induced by the cumulative effects of the repeated cellular and molecular responses to an acute bout of exercise. Divergent exercise modes induce different molecular signaling responses depending on the muscle contraction type. It is well known that RE induces the mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway while EE activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, and the signaling pathways stimulated by each exercise could interfere with each other. Thus, the inconsistencies in the effects of concurrent training on muscle adaptation may be explained by the different signaling interactions occurring in response to RE and EE. This review article describes the signaling pathways induced by RE, EE, and concurrent training.