- 著者
- Hitoshi Wakabayashi Juha Oksa Michael J Tipton
- 出版者
- The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine
- 雑誌
- The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine (ISSN:21868131)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.4, no.2, pp.177-185, 2015-05-25 (Released:2015-05-28)
- 参考文献数
- 100
- 被引用文献数
- 13 19
This review focuses on the suppression of physical performance in a cold environment and the underlying physiological mechanisms. There are many situations where humans have to perform physical activities in a cold environment. Cold environments often limit exercise and working performance by impairing functions such as force production, velocity, power and manual dexterity. A muscle temperature of around 27°C is assumed to be a critical temperature below which maximal voluntary isometric force starts to decrease. The endurance time of submaximal isometric contractions peak at muscle temperatures of 27 to 28°C and decrease rapidly above and below these temperatures. Dynamic exercise performance, especially fast velocity movement, is generally more disturbed by cooling than isometric contractions. Additionally, the effect of cold adaptation on exercise performance, and the potential related mechanisms are summarized here based on a limited number of studies. Since the involuntary muscle contraction of shivering disturbs fine motor control, habituation of shivering, which is an example of cold adaptation, potentially improves exercise performance. Higher hand skin temperatures, induced by greater cold induced vasodilatation after local cold adaptation, could improve manual dexterity. Since there have been few studies testing the effect of cold adaptation on exercise performance in a cold environment, further studies seem warranted.
1 0 0 0 OA One-Pot Preparation of Chiral β-Amino Esters by Rhodium-Catalyzed Three-Components Coupling Reaction
- 著者
- Toshio Honda Hitoshi Wakabayashi Kazuo Kanai
- 出版者
- The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
- 雑誌
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (ISSN:00092363)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.50, no.2, pp.307-308, 2002 (Released:2002-06-30)
- 参考文献数
- 23
- 被引用文献数
- 33 44
Chiral β-amino esters are synthesized in one-pot from three components, amines, aldehydes, and ethyl bromoacetate, under the rhodium-catalyzed Reformatsky-type reaction condition, where complete diastereoselection is achieved in the nucleophilic addition step of ethyl bromoacetate to the imines prepared in situ.