著者

藤原 健固 Kengo FUJIWARA

出版者

中京大学学術研究会

雑誌

中京大学体育学論叢 (ISSN:02887339)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.1, pp.p1-14, 1985

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Sport, especially the Olympic Games and the Olympic Movement, is emerging as an exceptionally widespread and forceful social phenomenon in contemporary world. That's to say, the problems of the Olympic Games and the Olympic Movement are social, economic, and even political. It is clear that the Olympic Games, as one of the most powerful expression of sport had been and has been used by every nation to some degree as an instrument of national prestige, nationalism, national integration, political propaganda, economic growth, commercialism, and so on. The political problems of the modern Olympic Games and the Olympic Movement have often been perceived as being derived from Pierre de Fredi Baron de Coubertin in its history. In this monograph, the author pointed out that the modern Olympic Games had been engaged and has been engaged in many international political problems since its started in the 1896 Athens Games. These points were described in the economic and political backgrounds, and also, were discussed these problems in the international political structure.

著者

藤原 健固 Kengo Fujiwara

雑誌

中京大学体育学論叢 = Research journal of physical education Chukyo University (ISSN:02887339)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.2, pp.31-46, 1988-03-15

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One of the political difficulties facing the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games is how to open this worldwide event. That is to say, can the Republic of Korea cosponsor with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea? Needless to say, as the widespread involvement of youth in sports event is one of the basic purposes for the founding of our modern Olympic Games since 1986, the present situation proves the success of that intent in general. However, the phenomenal growth of interest in this big event has played it political role. The escalation of the political effect on the Olympic Games is radical between the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The IOC has to bear responsibility for the present state of affairs between these two countries. From this point of view, the IOC has expend a great effort to how to open the '88 Seoul Olympics, and has made approaches to these two countries. But its repeated attempts have been made without any noticeable result. Also, repeated attempts for this problem have been continued between these two countries. The author debated these problems, and pointed out that sport and politics are not separate problem, but one, especially in the rival countries. Because, sport, especially the Olympic Games as the big event can't refused the political effort.

著者

藤原 健固 Kengo Fujiwara

雑誌

中京大学教養論叢 = Chukyo University bulletin of the Faculty of Liberal Arts (ISSN:02867982)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.4, pp.619-634, 1980-03-31

著者

藤原 健固 Kengo FUJIWARA

出版者

中京大学学術研究会

雑誌

中京体育学研究 = Research journal of physical education, Chukyo University (ISSN:02870088)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.1-11, 1980-03-01

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The main purpose of this study was to clear the determinants of collective behavior in selected sport events in Japan. For this purpose, the present author refered to N. J. Smelser's the value-added theory with relation to collective behavior in sport events. That is to say, the determinants suggested by N. J. Smelser as those giving rise to collective behavior are : (1) structural conduciviness, (2) structural strain, (3) growth and spread of generalized belief and precipitating factors, (4) mobilization of participants for action, and (5) the operation of social control. As the result of investigated these factors in selected sport events for last 30 years, the following pertinent findings were shown. (1) structural conduciveness The collective behavior in sport events occures by the hostile feelings in directly, but the author points out that there are some structural conduciveness as a social conditions. For example, one good evidence is the discriminative feeling between the people of Okinawa under American rule and main land Japan. In 1968, many Okinawa's baseball fans showed this structural conduciveness at the stadium. (2) structural strain The second determinant for the appearance of an episode of collective behavior in sport events is some structural strains which comes out of natural conditions, the situations of game itself, and sport participant without player. (3) growth and spread of generalized belief and precipitating factors The third determinant is to wake up sport fan's generalized aggressive spirit and to give it a justifiable grounds. A sport fan as a member of society has various aggressive aspirations, and he waits to flow into a variety of forms of hostility such as griping, insult, discrimination, or in extreme cases violence. The precipitating factor may confirm or justify existing generalized belief, and throw a sport fan's aggressive spirit into the concreat fear and opposition. And, it comes out of : (a) player's mixed fight, bad feeling between player and fan, opposition between player and referee, lack of confidence between fan and police ; (b) fire, blackout, deficiency of game place ; and (c) reprisal against the failed game, exciting, filibustering play, lazy play, and so forth. (4) mobilization of participants for action The last stage of value-added process for collective behavior in sport events is mobilization of participant for action. First, leader-ship for mobilization is few in the beginning, but some cases showed it in the progress. Most leaders recognize as the result of intended behavior. Second, organization, is also few. This is because of fan is usually unorganized group. Therefore, most cases showed that sport fan in its entirely does not participated actively. Even it is one in generalized belief, they are divided into a small active nucleus and a large proportion of spectators. (5) operation of social control The determination of outbreak and scale of collective behavior in sport events, is governed by the operation of social control as a public agent. Whenever it hesitates the decision-making for stop it, collective behavior becomes growing it's energy. As above mentioned, the determinants of collective behavior as a hostile outburst in sport events has four, and the author pointed out that once they are established, sport fans are ready to be take into a hostile outburst.