著者

OKAMOTO Kozo ISHIBASHI Toshiyuki ISHII Shoken BARON Philippe GAMO Kyoka TANAKA Taichu Y. YAMASHITA Koji KUBOTA Takuji

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

気象集誌. 第2輯 (ISSN:00261165)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2018-024, (Released:2018-02-05)

被引用文献数

8

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This study evaluated the impact of a future space-borne Doppler wind lidar (DWL) on a super-low-altitude orbit using an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) based on a sensitivity observing system experiment (SOSE) approach. Realistic atmospheric data, including wind and temperature, was provided as “pseudo-truth” (PT) to simulate DWL observations. Hourly aerosols and clouds that are consistent with PT winds were also created for the simulation. A full-scale lidar simulator, which is described in detail in the companion paper, simulated realistic line-of-sight wind measurements and observation quality information, such as signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and measurement error. Quality control (QC) procedures in the data assimilation system were developed to select high-quality DWL observations based on the averaged SNR from strong backscattering in the presence of aerosols or clouds. Also, DWL observation errors used in the assimilation were calculated using the measurement error estimated by the lidar simulator. The forecast impacts of DWL onboard polar- and tropical-orbiting satellites were assessed using the operational global data assimilation system. Data assimilation experiments were conducted in January and August in 2010 to assess overall impact and seasonal dependence. It is found that DWL on either polar- or tropical-orbiting satellites is overall beneficial for wind and temperature forecasts, with greater impacts for the January experiments. The relative forecast error reduction reaches almost 2 % in the tropics. An exception is a degradation in the southern hemisphere in August, suggesting a need to further refine observation error assignment and QC. A decisive conclusion cannot be drawn of the superiority of polar- or tropical-orbiting satellites due to their mixed impacts. This is probably related to the characteristics of error growth in the tropics. The limitations and possible underestimation of the DWL impacts, for example due to a simple observation error inflation setting, in the SOSE-OSSE are also discussed.

著者

OKAMOTO KOZO AOKI KYUZO

出版者

社団法人日本循環器学会

雑誌

Japanese circulation journal (ISSN:00471828)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.282-293, 1963-03-20

被引用文献数

61

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A male rat with spontaneously high systolic blood pressures of 150 to 175 mmHg persisting for more than one month and a female rat with blood pressures slighty above the average, 130 to 140 mmHg, were selected from among 68 Wistar strain rats in normal condition and mated to obtain F_1 rats. Of these F_1 rats, males and females with hypertension (blood pressure exceeding 150 mmHg) persisting for more than a month (mostly over 2 months) were mated to produce F_2 rats. The procedure was repeated to obtain F_3, F_4, F_5 and F_6 rats totaliag 380 animals. The weights and blood pressures (by the tail-water-plethysmographic method) were measured once weekly biginning at 4 weeks of age, and the results can be summarized as follows : 1. In body weight, the F rats showed little difference from the normal controls. 2. The blood pressures of F rats rose with age and from generation to generation, increasing significantly above those of normotensive controls of the same age after 20 weeks of age among female F_1, after 15 weeks among male F_1 and also male and female F_2, and after 10 weeks among all F_3 to F_6 rats. E. g., the average systolic blood pressure of F_5 at 25 weeks of age was 206+__-18.5 mmHg in the male and 193+__-20.5 mmHg in female rats. The blood pressures of normotensive controls remained at 131 to 136 mmHg in the male and 130 to 135 mmHg in female rats after 10 weeks of age. 3. Many F rats showed spontaneous hypertension. The incidence of the spontaneous occurrence of hypertension increased, and the development of hypertension occurred at younger ages from generation to generation. All of the F_3 to F_6, rats developed spontaneous hypertension within 15 weeks of age. Severe hypertension with blood pressures exceeding 200 mmHg began to observed among F_2. The incidence of such severe hypertension increased with each generation, so that among male animals it inceased from only 9% in F_2 to 35% in F_3, 42% in F_4, and 56% in F_5, and in female animals from 3% in F_2, 16% in F_3, 33% in F_4, and 37% in F_5. The authors have named this Wistar strain of rats with spontaneous occurrence of hypertension as "spontaneously hypertensive rats (Okamoto-Aoki)". 4. The blood pressures of β-line rats from parents with very high blood pressures were significantly higher than among α-line rats from parents with moderately high blood pressures at the same age. 5. There was no difference in the blood pressures of offsprings resulting from inbreeding and those from cross breeding. The male blood pressure averaged about 10.6 mmHg above the female value in spontaneous hypertension, and hypertension developed at lower ages in the male. 6. It is a question for future study whether the spontaneous hypertension induced in rats in this Study is comparable in characteristics with essential hypertension in man.