著者

Kentaroh Suzuki Toshihiko Takemura

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, pp.240-245, 2020 (Released:2020-12-12)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

2

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The apparent hydrological sensitivity, defined as the global-mean precipitation change per increase of the global-mean temperature, is investigated for scenarios induced by different forcing agents. Simulations with a climate model driven individually by four different climate forcers, i.e. sulfate, black carbon, solar insolation and carbon dioxide (CO2), are analyzed in the context of energy balance controls on global precipitation to explore how different forcing agents perturb different energy components grouped into fast and slow responses. Similarities and differences among the forcing agents are found in ingredients of the tendency contributing to the hydrological sensitivity from various energy budget components. Specifically, the sulfate and solar forcings induce the hydrological sensitivity of ∼2.5%K−1 due to the slow response of radiative cooling whereas the black carbon induces a significantly negative hydrological sensitivity (∼−6.0%K−1) due to the strong atmospheric heating. The CO2-induced hydrological sensitivity is found in between (∼1.2%K−1) as a result from the slow response of radiative cooling and its partial compensation by the atmospheric heating. The findings provide a quantitative basis for interpreting climatic changes of global precipitation driven by a mixture of various natural and anthropogenic forcings.

著者

Kentaroh Suzuki Toshihiko Takemura

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2020-040, (Released:2020-11-09)

被引用文献数

2

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The apparent hydrological sensitivity, defined as the global-mean precipitation change per increase of the global-mean temperature, is investigated for scenarios induced by different forcing agents. Simulations with a climate model driven individually by four different climate forcers, i.e. sulfate, black carbon, solar insolation and carbon dioxide (CO2), are analyzed in the context of energy balance controls on global precipitation to explore how different forcing agents perturb different energy components grouped into fast and slow responses. Similarities and differences among the forcing agents are found in ingredients of the tendency contributing to the hydrological sensitivity from various energy budget components. Specifically, the sulfate and solar forcings induce the hydrological sensitivity of ∼3.0%K−1 due to the slow response of radiative cooling whereas the black carbon induces a significantly negative hydrological sensitivity (∼−6.0%K−1) due to the strong atmospheric heating. The CO2-induced hydrological sensitivity is found in between (∼1.2%K−1) as a result from the slow response of radiative cooling and its partial compensation by the atmospheric heating. The findings provide a quantitative basis for interpreting climatic changes of global precipitation driven by a mixture of various natural and anthropogenic forcings.

著者

Toshihiko Takemura Hisashi Nakamura Masayuki Takigawa Hiroaki Kondo Takehiko Satomura Takafumi Miyasaka Teruyuki Nakajima

出版者

Meteorological Society of Japan

雑誌

SOLA (ISSN:13496476)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.101-104, 2011 (Released:2011-07-02)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

72 80

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The powerful tsunami generated by the massive earthquake that occurred east of Japan on March 11, 2011 caused serious damages of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant on its cooling facilities for nuclear reactors. Hydrogen and vapor blasts that occurred until March 15 outside of the reactors led to the emission of radioactive materials into the air. Here we show a numerical simulation for the long-range transport from the plant to the U.S. and even Europe with a global aerosol transport model SPRINTARS. Large-scale updraft organized by a low-pressure system traveling across Japan from March 14 to 15 was found effective in lifting the particles from the surface layer to the level of a westerly jet stream that could carry the particles across the Pacific within 3 to 4 days. Their simulated concentration rapidly decreases to the order of 10-8 of its initial level, consistent with the level detected in California on March 18. The simulation also reproduces the subsequent trans-Atlantic transport of those particles by a poleward-deflected jet stream, first toward Iceland and then southward to continental Europe as actually observed.