著者

Mami Wakabayashi Masahiko Hachiya Noriko Fujita Kenichi Komada Hiromi Obara Ikuma Nozaki Sumiyo Okawa Eiko Saito Yasushi Katsuma Hiroyasu Iso

出版者

National Center for Global Health and Medicine

雑誌

Global Health & Medicine (ISSN:24349186)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2023.01049, (Released:2023-11-05)

参考文献数

31

---

This study aimed to examine the changes that took place between 2015–2019 and 2020 and reveal how the COVID-19 pandemic affected financial contributions from donors. We used the Creditor Reporting System database of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to investigate donor disbursement. Focusing on the Group of Seven (G7) countries and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), we analyzed their development assistance for health (DAH) in 2020 and the change in their disbursement between 2015 and 2020. As a result, total disbursements for all sectors increased by 14% for the G7 and the BMGF. In 2020, there was an increase in DAH for the BMGF and the G7 except for the United States. The total disbursement amount for the "COVID-19" category by G7 countries and the BMGF was approximately USD 3 billion in 2020, which was 3 times larger than for Malaria, 8.5 times larger for Tuberculosis, and 60% smaller for STDs including HIV/AIDS for the same year. In 2020 as well, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Italy, and Canada saw their disbursements decline for more than half of 26 sectors. In conclusion, the impact of COVID-19 was observed in the changes in DAH disbursement for three major infectious diseases and other sectors. To consistently address the health needs of low- and middle-income countries, it is important to perform a follow-up analysis of their COVID-19 disbursements and the influence of other DAH areas.

著者

Mami Wakabayashi Satoshi Ezoe Makiko Yoneda Yasushi Katsuma Hiroyasu Iso

出版者

National Center for Global Health and Medicine

雑誌

GHM Open (ISSN:2436293X)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2021.01029, (Released:2021-11-08)

参考文献数

37

---

Ensuring equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines for all people has been challenging, hence, establishing relevant vaccination policies is required. This study delineates how vaccination policies have affected equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. A situation survey was conducted in 201 countries and territories through 156 Japanese diplomatic missions abroad to capture the global state of COVID-19 vaccination policies. Questionnaire responses were received from 159 states (79%) as of March 31, 2021, and data from Japan were incorporated into the analysis. All questionnaire items were open-ended, covering the vaccines in use and five vaccination policies such as vaccine eligibility. Results reveal that first, 81 states (51% out of 160) had not started vaccinations as of February 24, 2021, but by March 31, this number had decreased dramatically to 37 (23%); in particular, the number of states in Africa without vaccination decreased from 40 to 16. Second, 43 (27%) states did not recommend the vaccine for pregnant women. Third, the vaccine was free of charge to the public in 116 states (73%), and 43 states (27%) offered no-fault compensation. Finally, vaccination was voluntary in 124 states (78%). In conclusion, the number of countries that had started vaccination increased by March 2021, especially in Africa, although many African countries seemed to lack access to the mRNA vaccine. To fix the uneven distribution, dose donations were accelerated since middle of July. Reviewing worldwide vaccine policies is useful not only for this pandemic but also to strengthen vaccination systems for preparedness for the next pandemic.

著者

Aya Ishizuka Mina Chiba Hiroyasu Iso Yasushi Katsuma

出版者

National Center for Global Health and Medicine

雑誌

GHM Open (ISSN:2436293X)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2021.01006, (Released:2021-09-29)

参考文献数

50

---

The Group of 20 (G20) Osaka Summit in 2019 was a large step forward for global health diplomacy to build consensus on universal health coverage (UHC). To strengthen multi-stakeholder UHC partnership, Japan involved the research and policy advice network for G20 (Think 20: T20), civil society (Civil 20: C20), private initiatives of medical professional groups (H20), and the pharmaceutical sector. We attempted to identify UHC-related issues addressed and left unaddressed at the G20 Osaka, to bring lessons for future G20. We reviewed the G20 Osaka Leaders' Declaration, policy-related statements, and voices of the relevant G20 engagement groups and sectors. In July 2019, after the G20 Osaka Leaders' Summit, we organized an expert meeting convening Japan-based UHC-related key global health stakeholders. This review provides record of main findings presented in form of classifying the voices expressed in the meeting by UHC-related topics, and definitional ranges of UHC summarized. The T20, H20, and the pharmaceutical sector noted during our expert meeting that the ministerial-level health-finance collaboration was one of the key agendas suggested at the G20. T20 and C20 called for a recognition of health needs of refugees, migrants and other vulnerable groups in achieving UHC. Sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) with a human rights-based approach through UHC was raised by the C20 as an issue unaddressed in G20 Osaka. Variation in operative purposes between global health stakeholders led to a definitional difference in the scope of UHC. The definitional difference could delay progress of UHC attainment. Addressing migrant and refugee health and SRHR within the context of UHC is further needed. Understanding perspectives of various stakeholders will become increasingly important to well-coordinate multi-actor cooperation with adequate social responsibility and transparency in UHC achievement and public-private partnership. In future G20, for UHC in the COVID-19 pandemic and post-pandemic worlds there is need of i) ensuring an integrated yet comprehensive multi-stakeholder approach towards UHC; ii) incorporating important dimensions such as the marginalized population and gender; and iii) ensuring adequate investments toward health information systems and governance to track health data for the vulnerable population and gender-responsive financing.