著者

益田 理広 Michihiro MASHITA

出版者

Japan Association on Geographical Space

雑誌

地理空間 = Geographical space (ISSN:18829872)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.19-46, 2018-06-20

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地理学の語源たる「地理」の語は五経の一,『易経』を典拠とする。『易経』は哲学書としての性格を有し,「地理」の語義についてもその注釈を通し精緻な議論が展開されている。本稿は,初期の「地理」注釈である唐宋の所説を網羅し,東洋古来の「地理」概念がいかなる意味を以て理解され,かつどのように変遷したのかを明らかにしたものである。唐代における最初期の「地理」には,地形や植生間の規則的な構造とする孔穎達,及び知覚可能な物質現象たる「気」の下降運動とする李鼎祚による二説が存在する。続く宋代には「地理」の語義も複雑に洗練され,次のような変遷を経る。即ち,「地理」を(1)位置や現象の構造とする説,(2)認識上の区分に還元する説,(3)形而上の原理の現象への表出とする説,(4)有限の絶対空間とする説の四者が相次いで生まれたのである。これら多様な「地理」の語義は,東洋地理学および地理哲学の伝統の一端を開示する好資料といえる。Di-Li ( 地理)”, supposed to be the word origin of “geography,” is authentically based on the “Yi-Jing (Book of Changes),” one of the “Five-Classics” of Confucianism. This metaphysical book has predominated in Chinese philosophy and other sciences for more than two thousand years since published. Confucians, therefore, always have relied on commentaries on this book when they defined the concept of “Di-Li.” The oldest definition of this word was noted during the Tang dynasty (618 - 907 ). This paper surveys all the relevant commentaries about “Book of Changes,” written until the Song (960 - 1279 ) period, in order to clarify how the “Di-Li,” the concept of geography in East Asia, was understood over time and how those commentaries were formed.First, we discuss the earliest two types of definition of the “Di-Li” that was written in the Tang period: Kong Ying-da (孔穎達) considered the “Di-Li” as an orderly “structure” in landforms and vegetation; Li Ding-zuo ( 李鼎祚) regarded the “Di-Li” as a kind of atmospheric vertical circulation which is sensible in our “cognition”. Next, we analyze the commentaries on Yi-Jing written in the Song period. In this period, following four types of theories about a definition of the “Di-Li” were provided: (1 ) “structure” as abstract positional relations; (2 ) “cognition” as a basis of an idealistic classification criterion; (3 ) “phenomenon” as an incarnation of a metaphysical principle; (4 ) “space” that is absolute but finite. These diverse definitions of the “Di-Li” provided during Tang-Song period preserve certain aspects of philosophy of traditional Chinese geography.