著者

井谷 鋼造

出版者

東洋史研究會

雑誌

東洋史研究 (ISSN:03869059)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1, pp.116-149, 1988-06-30

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The last Khwarazmshah Jalal al-Din was the greatest "hero" against the Mongol invasion in West Asia. His energetic military operations extended from Kirman to Rum (Asia Minor or Anatolia). Five contemporary historians, being Ibn al-Athir, al-Nasawi, Juwayni, Ibn Bibi and al-Hamawi recorded his activity in detail. These historical sources lead us to the following conclusion. Jalal al-Din's vigorous operations against Georgians since his appearance in Adharbayjan (1225) were highly estimated by Muslim authors. But when he entered into an alliance with al-Mu'azzam, son of al-'Adil b. Ayyub, Jalal al-Din was involved in a rivalry between al-Mu'azzam and al-Ashraf, another son of al-'Adil. After his first siege of Akhlat, an important city in Armenia ruled by a deputy of al-Ashraf, Khwarazmians were accused of their "evilness of behavior" by Ibn al-Athir. 'Ala' al-Din Kayqubad, Sultan of Rum was related by marriage to al-Ashraf and al-Kamil, ruler of Egypt, in 1227. After the capture of Akhlat by Jalal al-Din (1230) and his alliance with the ruler of Arzan al-Rum, cousin of Kayqubad, Rum Saltanat and the house of Ayyub formed an alliance against Jalal al-Din. Finally Jalal al-Din was defeated by the allied forces at Yassi Chaman, near Arzinjan on 28 Ramadan 627 A.H. (10.8.1230). He could never recover from this defeat and a year later was to be killed near Amid in consequence of the pursuit of a Mongol detachment sent by Ogadai Qa'an. The reason why Jalal al-Din had to fight against Sultan of Rum and the grandsons of Ayyub was for his lack of established foundation in West Asia. According to Juwayni, Jalal al-Din called himself sadd-i Iskandar against Mongol infidels, but in fact Khwarazmians lived in yawagi i.e. having neither property nor place. (Ibn Bibi, pp. 379, 430, 485 of facsimile text published by A. S. Erzi). So Khwarazmians had to become plunderers and at last collided with the most powerful forces in West Asia. Furthermore Rum Saltanat of Saljuq dynasty had enmity against Khwarazmshah, because Tekish, grandfather of Jalal al-Din, overthrew Saljuq state in Iran (1194). Rum Saltanat also, assisted by the grandsons of Ayyub, had to fight against Jalal al-Din in order to protect not only their actual interests in Eastern Anatolia, but their family's fame in history.