著者

田中 謙

出版者

長崎大学

雑誌

長崎大学経済学部研究年報 (ISSN:09108602)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, pp.51-74, 2008-03

被引用文献数

1

---

湿地は,今日もっとも危機に瀕している自然生態系の1つである。1971年にラムサール条約が採択されたが,どのような湿地を,どの程度,どのような法制度で保全するのかについては,すべて締約国の自主的な判断に委ねられていて,日本においては,ラムサール条約の指定登録湿地は,鳥獣保護法の鳥獣保護区や,自然公園法における国立公園の保護地域などにすでに指定されている地域ばかりである。現行の湿地保全の法システムに対しては,(1)現行の法システムは,土地所有権を手厚く保護して規制を最小限度に抑える「財産権偏重」の法システムであるとともに,もともと自然はあり余っており,その利用を図るという前提でできているために,自然を保護しようと多少の修正を加えても,今日の自然環境保全の要請に応えることができない, (2)湿地の自然環境を保全するという機能が非常に弱い一方,自然を過剰に利用する結果,自然環境が破壊されている, (3)生態系を保全するという観点がとても弱く,過剰利用による生態系の破壊が絶えない, (4)登録湿地は水鳥重視で選定され,また地元合意を重視しているため,湿地保全の対象地域が適切に指定されていない, (5)ゾーニング手法が用いられ,また既得権が重視されている結果,土地所有者などに対する開発規制がとても甘い,などの問題点を指摘することができる。今後の課題であるが,湿地一般の保全を目的とした総合的な「湿地保全法」を策定する必要がある。なお,総合的な「湿地保全法」を策定する際には, (1)土地所有権を手厚く保護して規制を最小限度に抑える「財産権偏重」の法システムを転換し,土地利用規制を強化する, (2)環境保全機能を強化するとともに,過剰利用を抑制する, (3)生態系保全の観点を確保する, (4)ラムサール条約の「国際的に重要な湿地」の選定基準を踏まえて,保全対象地域を適切な方法で指定する, (5)湿地保全対象地域の公有化,戦略的環境アセスメントの実施,湿地の保全と「賢明な利用」を組み入れた利用計画の策定・実施などによって,開発規制を強化する,などの視点を盛り込むことが必要である。Wetlands are now in crisis. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands was adopted in 1971. But the details about the conservation and the wise use of wetlands are referred to each Contracting Parties. In Japan, the wetlands registered in the Ramsar List are already designated under the current laws such as the Natural Parks Law and Wildlife Protection and Hunting Law etc. With regard to the legal systems on wetlands in Japan, I can point out five problems. 1) The problem is to make too much of property rights. 2) The problem is to make use of the surplus environment. 3) There is no viewpoint of ecological conservation. 4) The problem is not to designate the wetlands appropriately. 5) The problem is not to regulate the development acts strictly.

著者

林 徹

出版者

長崎大学経済学部

雑誌

長崎大学経済学部研究年報 = Annual review of economics (ISSN:09108602)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.38, pp.1-21, 2022-06-30

---

What if we apply V­shape recovery cases to so­called the theses of Al Chandler (1962), i.e., both the unique process of organizational innovation and the common traits of innovators? This research question is what we would like to answer theoretically. Despite the lowest in 2003, Boat Race Omura in Nagasaki has recorded the highest revenue of all 24 race sites in fiscal year 2020. During the long recession of government-­controlled gambling sports all over Japan especially since 2001, BR Omura has renewed both its operation and management systems. But its process of organizational innovation was not always logically planned. Instead, after the election of the Mayor of Omura City in 2002, a late senior officer Kenji Endo, who might have been promoted, had been unintentionally designated by late Mayor Matsumoto for the head of the BR Omura to renew itself. Based on the two V­-shaped recovery case studies, that is, BR Omura and Huis Ten Bosch in Sasebo, we have extracted two distinct points which are different from Al Chandler (1962): one is not to focus on natural persons who are often called heroes/heroines but on the interactions during the process among persons relevant; and the other is to include dead persons who seem to be some among innovators.

著者

田口 信夫

出版者

長崎大学経済学部

雑誌

経済学部研究年報 = Annual review of economics (ISSN:09108602)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.1-19, 1994-05-12

著者

田中 謙

出版者

長崎大学

雑誌

長崎大学経済学部研究年報 (ISSN:09108602)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, pp.53-88, 2004-03

---

日本は,先進諸国の中で突出して喫煙率が高い「タバコ汚染国」であるが,その原因として,(1)多くのタバコ訴訟における裁判所の原告敗訴の判断のほか,その前提として,(2)タバコをめぐる行政的規制(喫煙規制)が際立って弱いことが指摘できる。タバコ訴訟において,裁判所は,原告の請求を棄却する法的根拠として,(1)受動喫煙の重大さの不承認,(2)喫煙の社会的承認,(3)受忍限度論,(4)建物構造上の困難,といった理由をあげているが,理解に苦しむものが少なくない。一方,喫煙者と非喫煙者の利害の対立構造や,喫煙の自由と嫌煙権との関係を踏まえれば,喫煙規制の強化は不可欠である。今後の喫煙規制のあり方を考察するに当たっては,(1)非喫煙者の被害を防止し,健康を保護するという視点から,「受動喫煙防止施策」を充実させることはもちろんであるが,(2)現在,未成年者による喫煙が顕著であり,未成年者を保護するという視点から,「未成年者の喫煙防止施策」も必要である。さらに,(3)喫煙者も「やめたいけれどもやめられない」という面があり,喫煙者の健康を保護するという視点から「喫煙者減少施策」も必要である。具体的な法制的課題をあげると,(1)「受動喫煙防止施策」の視点からは,(1)公共の場所・共有する生活空間における喫煙規制,(2)職場での禁煙規制,(3)歩行喫煙(歩きタバコ)規制などが考えられる。(2)「未成年者の喫煙防止施策」の視点からは,(1)学校における全面禁煙,(2)タバコの宣伝広告規制の強化,(3)ドラマ・映画における喫煙シーンの禁止,(4)タバコの自動販売機の全面禁止,(5)タバコ税の大幅値上げ,などが考えられる。(3)「喫煙者減少施策」の視点からは,(1)タバコの宣伝広告規制の強化,(2)ドラマ・映画における喫煙シーソの禁止,(3)タバコの自動販売棟の全面禁止,(4)タバコ税の大幅値上げのほか,(5)タバコの有害表示の義務化が考えられる。In Japan, there are a lot of smokers compared with advanced nations. The plaintiff lost the tobacco suit. And the regulation against smoking is not strict. But the reasons for judgment is strange, and the Japanese Government should tighten regulations on smoking. The Japanese Government must take preventive measures against passive smoking. And the Japanese Government must regulate smoking with the view of minor protection and smoker protection.

著者

笠原 俊彦

出版者

長崎大学

雑誌

長崎大学経済学部研究年報 (ISSN:09108602)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, pp.1-18, 2003-03

---

According to Weber, Pietism emerged within Calvinism and stayed there inseparably for a while. It stimulated Calvinism and revived the doctrine of 'selective blessing' which had been undermined temporarily in Calvinism itself, though Pietism showed indifference to, or even neglection of, the doctrinal study and discriminatory appreciation for 'the religious practice of asceticism' called 'practice of piety'. Pietism, then, began to hold 'the secret meeting' which was believed to be 'the church of the saved' made visible on earth of 'the invisible church' in heaven. And there, apart from the worldly life, they exercised their religious practice in order to get feeling of 'the coexistence with God' - the feeling similar to that of 'unio mystica' ('the mystical unification of beliver with God') of Lutheranism. This feeling of coexistence is one of the characteristics of Pietism considerablly important from Weber's viewpoint. Because, contrary to the Calvinists' coolness, it gave religious emotion to Pietists, and all the more, with this, made them seek not the ascetic battle in this worldly life to get the confidence in their eternal lives there in heaven, but the asceticism to get the bless already here on earth; this, together with their despisement of the worldly life as 'creature', diminished the power in the occupational labour and produced the organzations called 'sects' remote from the world and near to the monkery. Of course there was another direction in Pietism - the extraordinarily severe practice (severer by far than that of average Calvinists) of asceticism in worldly life, to get confidence in their own blessed state. This, however, we cannot distinguish from Calvinism, so far as Weber's observations concern. German Pietism is known with the names of its leaders - Spener, Francke and Zinzendorf. It was based on the ground of Lutheranism and accordingly went away from the Calvinistic doctrine of 'predetermination'. It could be said to be the result of the invasion of the Calvinistic asceticism into Lutheranism, and this brought disorder into the logic of German Pietism, - or more correctly, with its lack of deliberation in introducing Calvinistic asceticism, German Pietism could not formulate any logically consistent doctrine. Also in German Pietism there was a stream with considerable resemblance to Calvinism. It was the stream made by Francke who weakened the logic of the doctrine of selective blessing by setting, in this place, the doctrine of blessing by 'Bufikampf' - doctrine slightly but seriously mixed with emotional moment. This moment of emotion was the main factor which weakened and destroyed the iron logic of the Calvinistic doctrine; it became considerbly large, when one strolls from Francke to Spener, and finally enormous, when one reaches the strange confusion of Zinzendorf. pietism was held mainly by the people with traditional way of life, such as officials and workers of domestic industry. In a word, it was 'the religious pleasure of the leisure class'.