著者

高橋 彦博

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.九一-一一八, 1984-03-20

著者

秋田 成就

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.142-178, 1960-12-15

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.3, pp.87-115, 1997-03

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Many views have been proffered as to the burial site of the English pilot major, William Adams (1564-1620) who died in the town of Hirado on the island of Kyushu.Though the exact site of his grave has yet to be ascertained, he most probably was originally laid to rest in the "Christian buriall place" (13 tattamies square), located on the southeastern hill called Tōmi oka (遠見丘).In the first decade of this century, Mr.Sango Kato (加藤三吾), local historian of Hirado and a teacher at the middle school (Yūkokan), determined that the burial grounds had been on a hillside situated behind the former home of a Mr.Kinjūro Yamagata (山県金十郎).Kato made this determination based upon the diary of Richard Cocks and his interviews with the elderly men of the area.A prior estimate as to the whereabouts of this site were made by Ludwig Riess (1861-1928), a lecturer of history at the lmperial University of Tokyo.Professor Riess' conjectures, however, were proven to be in error and thus inspired Mr.Kato to conduct his own investigation. Because of the politically-charged times of the Japanese Christian rebellion at Shimabara and to avoid the displeasure of the Tokagawa government, the feudal lord, Shigenobu Matsuura (松浦鎮信) in 1637 ordered the total destruction of the "Christian buriall place."As legend has it, the majority of the bones of the Europeans buried there were unearthed and cast away in the offshore of Hirose.Some bones, however, remained and were secretly re-interred elsewhere by the Dutch interpreter, Mitarai (御手洗).Mitarai had been a close friend of Adams and he remained close with his surviving relatives. in loyalty to his friend, Mitarai buried the remaining bones at Tōmioka and requested that his own descendants continue to perform the Mass for the Dead.Legend also has it that many bones were discovered in Tōmioka during the Kyōho period (1716-1729).Early in the Taisho period (1910s), after some bones were discovered under a group of coins arranged in the form of a Christian cross, a monument was erected on that spot.Also, from time to time over the past fifty years, several other bones have been unearthed. It was on the 10th of October in the 6th year of Showa (1931) in the corner of a field owned by the descendants of Mitarai, the Miura family, that the supposed grave site of William Adams was excavated.In attendance were : Mr.Kurata, headman's assistant ; Mr.Eguchi, an assistant police inspector, Mr.Yamaguchi, a health officer, Mr.Matsumoto, a licensed teacher at the elementary school in Hirado ; as well as some philanthropists and other researchers.What they found at the site was a cranium, a broken scapula, portions of a backbone, ribs, a thigh bone, molar teeth, as well as a fragment of an earthen vessel and a large number of rusted nails.The researchers could conclude that the body had been buried in a Western-style coffin and that the deceased was a white man of sturdy build and was more than 170 cm in height.However, it was not possible, from this evidence, to authenticate the fact that these were the bones of William Adams. Currently in Japan, there are two grave markers for William Adams.One is in the Tukayama Park (塚山公園) at Emi in Yokosuka City.This marker was placed there in the 10th year of Kansei (1798).A Yokohama merchant named James Walter (1847-1909) discovered this marker in 1874.However, when the grave was excavated on the 28th day of May in the 38th year of Meiji (1938), nothing was found within this grave.This adds further confidence to the contention that Adams died and was buried at Hirado. The second, Hirado, marker is located in Sakikata Park (崎方公園).Inscribed upon it is Miura Anjin no haka (The grave of W.Adams) and was placed there in the 29th year of Showa (1954). The remains interred there were those the loyal Miura family had dutifully guarded after the 1931 excavation. From the information available to us now, the only conclusive evidence we have is that William Adams did, indeed, pass away in Hirado.However, as to the location of his final resting place, the issue remains open.

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.4, pp.129-188, 1993-02

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.57-111, 1998-12

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.3, pp.57-119_a, 1988-03

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.1-51, 1995-09

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.1-30, 1990-12

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Tarō Kawaji was born on 21 December of the first year of Kōka (i.e. 28 January,1845) as the eldest son of Akitsune Kawaji, who died at the early age of twenty-one.As a child Tarō was brought up by his uncle, Kionao Inoue (1809-1867), the Gaikoku-bugyo, or chief of the Foreign Affairs Agency, till he was eight.Then he returned to the Kawajis, where his grandfather, Toshiakira Kawaji (1801-1868), the Machi-bugyo(Governor) of Osaka and Nara city and later the Kanjo-bugyo or Chief of the Treasury Bureau, took care of him.Taro, when young, studied under the Confucian scholars, Isaji Kusakabe and Gonsai Asaka, and later entered the Shōheiko, the educational institution of the Bakufu.He first studied Dutch at the Bansho-shirabe-dokoro (the place for the study of Barbarian's books), and then learned English under Manjiro Nakahama (also known as John Mung) and Takichirō Moriyama, a famous Dutch interpreter.Taro also, was a student of the Yokohama Gogaku Denshujo (École Franco-japonais in Yokohama). At the age of thirteen, Tarō celebrated his coming of age and waited on Iyemochi Tokugawa (1846-1866), the fourteenth Shōgun.In the first month of the third year of Bunkyu (1863), he was promoted to Konando-shu, young samurai that served in the Shōgun's palace (Edo Castle) and became Yoriai, a high official beloging to the Council of the Shōgun, in the 6th month of the first year of Genji (i.e. July l864).In the 8th month of the second year of Keio (i.e. September l866), Taro became Hoheigashira-nami (commanding officer of the Bakufu's infantry or lieutenant colonel) and in the October of this year, he was ordered to study in Great Britain with thirteen other students.The students, however, were forced to return home after staying in England only about a year and a half because of the Meiji revolution.They finally arrived in Yokohama on the 25th of the 6th month of the fourth year of Keio (i.e. 13 August, 1868). The sudden collapse of the Tokugawa government threw the vassals of the Shōgun into great misery, each having to seek a new livelihood in different ways.Tarō assumed the new name of Kandō after the Meiji Restoration and moved to Yokohama where he sought to make his fortune by being a raw-silk merchant.But he failed in this speculation and incurred many debts.In the 11th month of the fourth year of Meiji (i.e. December 1871), when the Iwakura mission started on their tour of inspection in America and Europe, Kando was, on the recommendation of Eiichi Shibusawa and Yasukazu Tanabe, requested to go along with the mission as their secretary.Among the party he found many of his old acquaintances from the Shōgunate era.It was in the September of the sixth year of Meiji (1873) that the Iwakura mission returned home after touring through various countries in Europe and America for about two years. Kandō, returning home, entered the service of the Finance Ministry as a lower grade officer of the new government but there was no bope of his promotion for many years.In the first month of the tenth year of Meiji (i.e. January l877) he left the official world and bore a part in establishing the Rice Exchange and also acted as a legal advisor for the English and the Americans for a while.He was in the meantime recommended for a post as director of the Yokohama Customhouse, however, this was a remote possibility.In the eighteenth year of Meiji (1885) Kandō was forty one years old of age.He abandoned everything and established a private institute called "the Tsukiyama Gakusha" for the study of English at Mita in Tokyo.He taught English here till the summer of the twenty-sixth year of Meiji (1893) for about nine years, when he was invited to teach English at "Seishikan" (Fukuyama Junjō Chūgaku), a middle school in Fukuyama, Hiroshima prefecture.He taught English from the summer of l893 till July l899 (the thirty-second year of Meiji) at the school, but he retired at his own request soon afterward. Shortly after his retirement Kandō proceeded to Sumoto in Awaji-shima island to be a teacher of English at Sumoto middle school, bringing his wife and a son with him.It is said that the symptoms of tuberculosis in his wife, Hanako, who was a daughter of Nagayoshi Asano, a direct high vassal of the Shōgun, made Kando decide to move to Awaji-shima island for a change of air for her health.The change of air, however, was ineffectual for her incurable disease.She died on 22 May l903 (the thirty-sixth year of Meiji) in Sumoto at the age of fifty four.She lies in her tomb erected by Kandō at Anryū-in (temple), Yanaka, Tokyo. In January l903 (the thirty-sixth year of Meiji) Kando was appointed the first headmaster of the newly-established girls' high school called "Tsuna Miharagun Kumiairitsu Awaji Kōto Jogakko".He was fifty-nine years old then.Kandō served in this school for about ten years but in April l914 (the third year of Taisho) he resigned and was welcomed as a deputy principal of the "Shōin girls' highschool run by the Anglican Church in Kobe city.He taught ethics and history till l922 (the eleventh year of Taisho) when he resighed on the ground of advanced age.He was seventy years old then.On 5 February l927 (the Second year of Shōwa) he ended his days at the age of eighty-four and his ashes were laid in the grave of Kawajis in the Tamabochi cemetery.Kandō, in his closing years, wrote a voluminous book titled "A life of Toshiakira Kawaji" (Kawaji Toshiakira no shōgai) which had a high reputation. The author of this article has tried to describe his life in detail and to convey his personality as a school teacher on the basis of a newly-discovered personal history written by him as well as a firsthand account by his former student at Shōin girls' highschool.This paper is dedicated to Kawaji Kandō sensei who lived in obscurity all his life as an unknown but learned secondary school teacher.

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.3, pp.199-220, 1998-03

著者

増島 宏

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, pp.1-59, 1964-02-20

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戦前日本の無産政党各派が軍部・ファシズムを容認する過程を原資料に即して明らかにしたもの。

著者

高橋 彦博

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.3, pp.37-82, 1994-02

著者

羽場 久[ミ]子

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.1-56, 1998-12

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冷戦初期、ヨーロッパ中部は東にも西にも分割される 予測はなく、ソ連も東欧全土を求めていたわけではない。なぜ 東欧はソ連下に移行したか。ルレンデスタッドが「アメリカの無策」と呼んだ中欧の変容と冷戦の起源をさぐる。

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.3, pp.95-112, 1995-12

著者

佐藤 毅

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.2, pp.61-82, 1968-11-20

著者

土穴 文人

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.1, pp.69-124, 1967-10-01

著者

吉村 真子

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.3-4, pp.197-117, 1998-03

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.1, pp.56-70, 1998-09

著者

中島 正

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, pp.29-57, 1959-12-30

著者

伊藤 周平

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.2, pp.92_a-59_a, 1997-12

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.4, pp.109-142, 1991-03