著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 = Hosei journal of sociology and social sciences (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.1, pp.1-61, 2021-07

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.2, pp.118-182, 2000-12

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 = Hosei journal of sociology and social sciences (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.68, no.4, pp.1-50, 2022-03

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.3, pp.87-115, 1997-03

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Many views have been proffered as to the burial site of the English pilot major, William Adams (1564-1620) who died in the town of Hirado on the island of Kyushu.Though the exact site of his grave has yet to be ascertained, he most probably was originally laid to rest in the "Christian buriall place" (13 tattamies square), located on the southeastern hill called Tōmi oka (遠見丘).In the first decade of this century, Mr.Sango Kato (加藤三吾), local historian of Hirado and a teacher at the middle school (Yūkokan), determined that the burial grounds had been on a hillside situated behind the former home of a Mr.Kinjūro Yamagata (山県金十郎).Kato made this determination based upon the diary of Richard Cocks and his interviews with the elderly men of the area.A prior estimate as to the whereabouts of this site were made by Ludwig Riess (1861-1928), a lecturer of history at the lmperial University of Tokyo.Professor Riess' conjectures, however, were proven to be in error and thus inspired Mr.Kato to conduct his own investigation. Because of the politically-charged times of the Japanese Christian rebellion at Shimabara and to avoid the displeasure of the Tokagawa government, the feudal lord, Shigenobu Matsuura (松浦鎮信) in 1637 ordered the total destruction of the "Christian buriall place."As legend has it, the majority of the bones of the Europeans buried there were unearthed and cast away in the offshore of Hirose.Some bones, however, remained and were secretly re-interred elsewhere by the Dutch interpreter, Mitarai (御手洗).Mitarai had been a close friend of Adams and he remained close with his surviving relatives. in loyalty to his friend, Mitarai buried the remaining bones at Tōmioka and requested that his own descendants continue to perform the Mass for the Dead.Legend also has it that many bones were discovered in Tōmioka during the Kyōho period (1716-1729).Early in the Taisho period (1910s), after some bones were discovered under a group of coins arranged in the form of a Christian cross, a monument was erected on that spot.Also, from time to time over the past fifty years, several other bones have been unearthed. It was on the 10th of October in the 6th year of Showa (1931) in the corner of a field owned by the descendants of Mitarai, the Miura family, that the supposed grave site of William Adams was excavated.In attendance were : Mr.Kurata, headman's assistant ; Mr.Eguchi, an assistant police inspector, Mr.Yamaguchi, a health officer, Mr.Matsumoto, a licensed teacher at the elementary school in Hirado ; as well as some philanthropists and other researchers.What they found at the site was a cranium, a broken scapula, portions of a backbone, ribs, a thigh bone, molar teeth, as well as a fragment of an earthen vessel and a large number of rusted nails.The researchers could conclude that the body had been buried in a Western-style coffin and that the deceased was a white man of sturdy build and was more than 170 cm in height.However, it was not possible, from this evidence, to authenticate the fact that these were the bones of William Adams. Currently in Japan, there are two grave markers for William Adams.One is in the Tukayama Park (塚山公園) at Emi in Yokosuka City.This marker was placed there in the 10th year of Kansei (1798).A Yokohama merchant named James Walter (1847-1909) discovered this marker in 1874.However, when the grave was excavated on the 28th day of May in the 38th year of Meiji (1938), nothing was found within this grave.This adds further confidence to the contention that Adams died and was buried at Hirado. The second, Hirado, marker is located in Sakikata Park (崎方公園).Inscribed upon it is Miura Anjin no haka (The grave of W.Adams) and was placed there in the 29th year of Showa (1954). The remains interred there were those the loyal Miura family had dutifully guarded after the 1931 excavation. From the information available to us now, the only conclusive evidence we have is that William Adams did, indeed, pass away in Hirado.However, as to the location of his final resting place, the issue remains open.

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.3, pp.171-240, 2000-03

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, no.4, pp.129-188, 1993-02

著者

宮永 孝 Miyanaga Takashi

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.4, pp.1-36, 2005-03

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 = Hosei journal of sociology and social sciences (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.69, no.3, pp.1-81, 2022-12

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This essay is comprised of the following sections. Preface 1) The course of the centralization of administrative power 2) The preparatory stage of the Imperial Constitution 3) The Emperor Meiji and his politics 4) Compilation of the new government Penal Code. Lese-majesty (不敬罪) text as prepared by Boissonade. 5) Two Tokyo University professors discharged due to disrespectful nature 6) The Annals of Lese-majesty in Japan from the Meiji period until the Heisei era 7) The origins of affair, the number of cases and persons indicted for Lese-majesty over/during a 150 year period 8) The beginning and the repeal of the bad law. PostfaceThe Imperial Family was the head house (宗家) in Japan whose central person, the Emperor, was a living god who governed the Empire for thousands of years. The revised Criminal Code prescribed in 1940 ordained offenses against the Imperial Family as follows:Article 154 ……………… One who inflicts an injury on the Emperor or attempts to do harm him deserves the death penalty (死刑).〃 155 ……………… One who is disrespectful to the Emperor deserves more than 2 years of penal servitude.〃 156 ……………… One who defiles Dai-jingū (i.e. The Grand Shrine in Ise) deserves more than 2 years of penal servitude.〃 157 ……………… One who defiles the Imperial tomb (御陵) deserves one year of penal servitude.〃 158 ……………… One who inflicts an injury on the Prince Regent (摂政) or attemps to harm him deserves the death penalty.〃 159 ……………… This law also applies to the Empress Dowager, the Empress, the Prince Imperial, the Crown Princess and the eldest grandson of an Emperor.〃 160 ……………… One who inflicts an injury on the Royal Family or attemps to harm them deserves, the death penalty or imprisonment for life.〃 161 ……………… One who is disrespectful to the Royal Family will be condemned to more than 6 months imprisonment with hard labour or penal servitude not exceeding 10 years.〃 162 ……………… One who defiles the Imperial tomb will be sentenced to more than 6 months’ imprisonment with hard labour or penal servitude not exceeding 10 years.Also one who is disrespectful for the tombs of the Royal Family deserves imprisonment with hard labour not exceeding 10 years.〃 164(sic) ……………… One who breaks into the Imperial Palace, the Imperial Garden (禁苑), the Imperial Villa (離宮) or the Emperor’s Temporary Quarters (行在所) will be condemned to more than 6 months’ imprisonment with hard labour or penal servitude not exceeding 7 years.What is Lese-majesty? Nowadays this word seems to be an obsolete one. Very rarely do we see or hear the word. But in pre-war days this was a repressive law in company with the Maintenance of the Public Order Act (治安維持法) to support the Tenno System (i.e. the Emperor System of Japan). The Meiji government thought much of enacting a penal code to maintain the public peace and order.Gustave Emile Boissonade (1825~1910), a legal professor of Sorbonne, Paris, was invited to Japan to codify laws among which the Criminal Procedure Act, the Civil Law and the Penal Code were included. It was Boissonade who first mapped out Lese-majesty for the Empire of Japan, however, his original drafts were thoroughly revised to adapt themselves to Japan’s state of affairs. Lese-majesty was finally codified after undergoing much revision in the 15th year of the Meiji (i.e. 1882). The law lasted for 67 years until it was abolished by the order of Douglas MacArthur (1880~1964), the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in 1947.The masses in Japan long felt oppressed by the Tenno System living under the heavy pressure of it until the end of the Pacific War. There was no way to appeal to a higher court once charged with Lese-majesty. People sometimes exploded with rage which had built up for many years against the Emperor. The Emperor and the Royal Family were living human beings on the earth just like the multitudes. They are not of a different race. However they live in ease and comfort by the taxes we pay and being protected by the government, whereas the mass of people live in poverty. The difference between commoners and those of noble origin influence on wealth and rank. But the common people know how to resign themselves to their lot accepting the situation.

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.57-111, 1998-12

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.3, pp.57-119_a, 1988-03

著者

宮永 孝 Miyanaga Takashi

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.4, pp.1-51, 2014-03

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.2, pp.1-51, 1995-09

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.3, pp.1-30, 1990-12

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Tarō Kawaji was born on 21 December of the first year of Kōka (i.e. 28 January,1845) as the eldest son of Akitsune Kawaji, who died at the early age of twenty-one.As a child Tarō was brought up by his uncle, Kionao Inoue (1809-1867), the Gaikoku-bugyo, or chief of the Foreign Affairs Agency, till he was eight.Then he returned to the Kawajis, where his grandfather, Toshiakira Kawaji (1801-1868), the Machi-bugyo(Governor) of Osaka and Nara city and later the Kanjo-bugyo or Chief of the Treasury Bureau, took care of him.Taro, when young, studied under the Confucian scholars, Isaji Kusakabe and Gonsai Asaka, and later entered the Shōheiko, the educational institution of the Bakufu.He first studied Dutch at the Bansho-shirabe-dokoro (the place for the study of Barbarian's books), and then learned English under Manjiro Nakahama (also known as John Mung) and Takichirō Moriyama, a famous Dutch interpreter.Taro also, was a student of the Yokohama Gogaku Denshujo (École Franco-japonais in Yokohama). At the age of thirteen, Tarō celebrated his coming of age and waited on Iyemochi Tokugawa (1846-1866), the fourteenth Shōgun.In the first month of the third year of Bunkyu (1863), he was promoted to Konando-shu, young samurai that served in the Shōgun's palace (Edo Castle) and became Yoriai, a high official beloging to the Council of the Shōgun, in the 6th month of the first year of Genji (i.e. July l864).In the 8th month of the second year of Keio (i.e. September l866), Taro became Hoheigashira-nami (commanding officer of the Bakufu's infantry or lieutenant colonel) and in the October of this year, he was ordered to study in Great Britain with thirteen other students.The students, however, were forced to return home after staying in England only about a year and a half because of the Meiji revolution.They finally arrived in Yokohama on the 25th of the 6th month of the fourth year of Keio (i.e. 13 August, 1868). The sudden collapse of the Tokugawa government threw the vassals of the Shōgun into great misery, each having to seek a new livelihood in different ways.Tarō assumed the new name of Kandō after the Meiji Restoration and moved to Yokohama where he sought to make his fortune by being a raw-silk merchant.But he failed in this speculation and incurred many debts.In the 11th month of the fourth year of Meiji (i.e. December 1871), when the Iwakura mission started on their tour of inspection in America and Europe, Kando was, on the recommendation of Eiichi Shibusawa and Yasukazu Tanabe, requested to go along with the mission as their secretary.Among the party he found many of his old acquaintances from the Shōgunate era.It was in the September of the sixth year of Meiji (1873) that the Iwakura mission returned home after touring through various countries in Europe and America for about two years. Kandō, returning home, entered the service of the Finance Ministry as a lower grade officer of the new government but there was no bope of his promotion for many years.In the first month of the tenth year of Meiji (i.e. January l877) he left the official world and bore a part in establishing the Rice Exchange and also acted as a legal advisor for the English and the Americans for a while.He was in the meantime recommended for a post as director of the Yokohama Customhouse, however, this was a remote possibility.In the eighteenth year of Meiji (1885) Kandō was forty one years old of age.He abandoned everything and established a private institute called "the Tsukiyama Gakusha" for the study of English at Mita in Tokyo.He taught English here till the summer of the twenty-sixth year of Meiji (1893) for about nine years, when he was invited to teach English at "Seishikan" (Fukuyama Junjō Chūgaku), a middle school in Fukuyama, Hiroshima prefecture.He taught English from the summer of l893 till July l899 (the thirty-second year of Meiji) at the school, but he retired at his own request soon afterward. Shortly after his retirement Kandō proceeded to Sumoto in Awaji-shima island to be a teacher of English at Sumoto middle school, bringing his wife and a son with him.It is said that the symptoms of tuberculosis in his wife, Hanako, who was a daughter of Nagayoshi Asano, a direct high vassal of the Shōgun, made Kando decide to move to Awaji-shima island for a change of air for her health.The change of air, however, was ineffectual for her incurable disease.She died on 22 May l903 (the thirty-sixth year of Meiji) in Sumoto at the age of fifty four.She lies in her tomb erected by Kandō at Anryū-in (temple), Yanaka, Tokyo. In January l903 (the thirty-sixth year of Meiji) Kando was appointed the first headmaster of the newly-established girls' high school called "Tsuna Miharagun Kumiairitsu Awaji Kōto Jogakko".He was fifty-nine years old then.Kandō served in this school for about ten years but in April l914 (the third year of Taisho) he resigned and was welcomed as a deputy principal of the "Shōin girls' highschool run by the Anglican Church in Kobe city.He taught ethics and history till l922 (the eleventh year of Taisho) when he resighed on the ground of advanced age.He was seventy years old then.On 5 February l927 (the Second year of Shōwa) he ended his days at the age of eighty-four and his ashes were laid in the grave of Kawajis in the Tamabochi cemetery.Kandō, in his closing years, wrote a voluminous book titled "A life of Toshiakira Kawaji" (Kawaji Toshiakira no shōgai) which had a high reputation. The author of this article has tried to describe his life in detail and to convey his personality as a school teacher on the basis of a newly-discovered personal history written by him as well as a firsthand account by his former student at Shōin girls' highschool.This paper is dedicated to Kawaji Kandō sensei who lived in obscurity all his life as an unknown but learned secondary school teacher.

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社會勞働研究 (ISSN:02874210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.3, pp.199-220, 1998-03

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 = Hosei journal of sociology and social sciences (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, no.4, pp.1-73, 2021-03

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Japan closed the doors to the world for many centuries during which the Japanese were not allowed to leave the country. If they sailed for other countries, they would have been punished with death. However, when the Tokugawa goverment lost its power in its closing days, Choshu and Satsuma clans sent students by stealth to England to learn Western culture. 14 the Satsuma youths with superiors at the Kagoshima Kaiseijo (i.e. school for Western learning) left Hashima (羽島) harbour for HongKong on board the ship owned by Glover, the Scottish merchant in Nagasaki, on 17 April 1865.The students arrived in London on 21 June 1865 after leaving Hashima about two months before. The went into "South Kensington Hotel" located at Queen's Gate Terrace 19 at a pound (i.e. about 3 ryo) per person per day. The next day the party moved to an apartment house on Bayswater Road to take special training in English by hiring 3 teachers. The names of the English teachers are not known well, but one was named Barugh?, a Scot, and the others were proved to be Thomas Graham (1805~65), a retired Prof. of Chemistry at London, University College and a former Prof. of Political Economy, Jacob Waley, at the same college. They rented the entire sixth floor for about three months hiring a live-in teacher (i.e. Barugh) and a maid.The Satsuma students got up before 7 and had breakfast at 9. The English lessons (i.e. reading and conversation) were from 10 to 5. During recess, they saw the sights of London. But due to financial straits and in preparation for matriculation in the University College, the students were relocated, by pairs, to the private homes of professors of the University College. Mori and Takami were placed with a retired Prof. Thomas Graham of University College, residing at 4 Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, London.At the coming of the Michaelmas term, 14 the Satsuma students were admitted, under false names, to the faculty of Arts and Laws at University College. They were in reality irregular students. In regard to the lectures they attended, they took Analytical Chemistry by Prof. A. W. Williamson. The Students paid for the schooling £15. 15 per person, which amounted to some 300 ryo in Japanese currency, nowadays 30 million yen. They seemed to prefer chemical experiments to taking lectures due to the lack of English knowledge. The other possible subjects they took were unknown because many of the records of the University College were destroyed by air strikes during World War II.The booklet 'Mori Arinori' written by Kaimon Sanjin (i.e. 海門山人著『森 有礼』) which was published by Minyusha, in June in the 30th year of Meiji (i.e. 1897) tells about the subjects the Satsuma students studied in London. It says they studied history, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Especially. Kinnojo (i.e. Mori) made remarkable progress in mathematics, covering simple arithmetic to spherical trigometry in two years. The author admires Mori's great ability though, we are unable to trace quotations to their original sources.On 23, August, "George and Emily" finally arrived at Kronstadt after leaving Tynemouth 16 days before. Mori and Takami watched the forts and the floating batteries with gneat curiosity and later visited the town. On the following day the Satsuma students proceeded to St. Petersburg accompanied by skipper Sample and checked into the "Hôtel de France", where they met a rich English merchant named Morgan. After that they visited the museum of Mining Academy by the side of the Neva.At about 7 P.M, they found out the lodgings of the Bakufu students meeting 6 of them. After exchanging good wishes, they were introduced to Kōsai Tachibana (1820~85, alias 'Yamatofu'), a former villain and fugitive from Japan, who worked as a translator in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with a yearly salary of 500 roubles. This was a man with a past. He never disclosed his real name but seemed kindly-looking.On 25, August, Mori and Takami were invited to dinner by the Bakufu students and were entertained with 'Sobakiri' (i.e. buckwheat noodles). The next day they were invited to the villa of Sir Andrew Buchanan (1807~82, British ambassador-extraordinary to Russia) and were accorded a warm welcome. On 27, August, they were given a warm reception at Fosif A. Goshkevitchs, the former Hakodate Consul and his son, both of whom had good knowledge of Japanese. The next day they visited the American "Turret Ship", 'the most powerful warship in the world'.On 29, August, Mori and Takami visited the Imperial Winter Palace accompanied by Yamatofu. The following day they visited Peterhof under the guidance of Yamatofu viewing "Marly", a small two-storied house built in 1714 by Peter the Great, "Hermitage", a small house built by the same Emperor, and the "Palace of Peterhof" as well. In the forenoon of 31, August, Yamatofu introduced Mori and Takami to the Chief of Asean Affairs, Peter Stremohof, exchanging portraits and in the afternoon of the same day, they visited the villa of Mr.Morgan, where they met Admiral and Mme. Putiatin.On 1st, September, they visited the "Summer Garden", which was laid out in 1712 in the Franco-Dutch style and forms a long rectanguler about 37 acres in area and later trying to view the Small Palace of Peter the Great (i.e. a two-storied building erected in 1711 as a 'Summer Palace') in vain because the keeper was taking a nap.The next day Mori and Takami invited the Bakufu students and Goshkevitch and his son to dinner for gratitude, when Mori and Sakuzaemon Yamanouchi (1836~86, late in life, the owner of a pharmacy) exchanged a farewell poem of their own writing. On 3, September, the Satsuma students left Kronstadt for Kingston upon Hull on board a regular liner. The name of the ship remains unknown though, probably it was the most popular Hull boat named 'Emperor' (i.e. paddle-steamer) plying between Hull and Kronstadt in the 1800's.After voyaging 7 days, they arrived in Hull at about 3 P.M. on 10, September. Directly after landing they headed for London, arriving at King's Cross Station at about 10:30 P.M. with the feeling of having come home to their own country.Mori's observations on Kronstadt and St. Petersburg.Arrving at Kronstadt, Mori noticed in and around Kotlin island there were many merchant ships, naval vessels, forts (i.e. '墩' ton), and floating batteries (i.e. '礟門' houmon). Kotlin seemed to him 'a natural stronghold'. Actually the island worked as an outpost for the Capital, Russia. It is located some 20 kilometers west of St. Petersburg. The Russian Capital was not easy to apporoach by big ships because of the shallows in the Gulf of Finland. Small ships had to use fixed sea routes. People on the Kotlin and in the Capital used the saltless water in the Gulf, so cholera epidemic prevailed. The population of Kotlin was 37000 (some 25000 were on garrison duty).What Mori and Takami viewed in the town of Kotlin were : the Admiralty, Observatory, the bust of the Peter the Great, Summer Garden, lookout platform, messhall, and resting place for the Royal Family etc. In winter the island is frozen over, the ships navigate 3 searoutes breaking the ice. When summer comes, the island recovers consciousness becoming active.The most useful informant for Mori respecting the things in St. Petersburg was Kōsai Tachibana, alias Yamatofu, from whom Mori obtained valuable information on the whole condition of the country (i.e. history, geography, manners and customs, trade, the national character, and the states of armaments etc). Mori knew well that Russia was not a strong nation but a weak one albeit had most land in the world. He knew also that it was an absolute monarchy with territorial ambitions.Since its expansionism was known to all, Mori abstained from fishing any information on it for fear of spies. He was amazed at seeing a great number of soldiers in the Capital. The number of soldiers in Russia was the reason for being disliked by other nations. In Mori's view, Russians were devote believer in religion, however, he was informed that two social evils were thriving in Russia : one was claiming a fortune and the other was illicit intercourses with women. People were tainted by immoral deeds.He discovered that this country was behind the other advanced nations in terms of military affairs, medicine, and sciences. But he thought that by ruling wisely, the reforms of Czar Alexander II would reclaim the country from savagery. Mori noticed also that Russians were honest, gentle, and unpolished on the whole. Despite his great interest in politics in Russia, he refrained from gaining information on it. Because the laws and politics in this country were so harsh that he followed kind advice before leaving England.

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.226-141, 2012-07

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学社会学部学会

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.3, pp.146-99, 2013-12

著者

桃木 昌平 蔡 華堅 塩谷 智基 小林 義和 宮永 孝志

出版者

公益社団法人 土木学会

雑誌

構造工学論文集 A (ISSN:1881820X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57A, pp.959-966, 2011 (Released:2011-08-01)

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Ageing concrete structures have been significantly increasing. To sustain those, understanding the damages and decision the time and method of repairing is a crucial issue. Non-destructive testing (NDT) appears to contribute to this paramount issue, since it includes a variety of testing methods corresponding to the measurement scale. NDT also provides momentous information on the effects of repairing when the test is repeated after the repair work. In this study, seismic tomography, one of NDT methods, was applied for the damage quantification of full-scale concrete structures. The test was conducted both before and after repairing. The distributions of velocity led to a conclusion that the velocity variations represented well the effects of repairing.

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.1, pp.170-230, 2000-09

著者

宮永 孝

出版者

法政大学

雑誌

社会志林 (ISSN:13445952)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.1, pp.81-140, 2003-07

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The history of artistic anatomy has a long tradition, which dates back to the 15th century in Italy. After the Meiji Restoration our government adapted the Western arts and sciences to modernize Japan. So we engaged the service of experts from abroad in various fields. As regards the field of the fine arts, we invited guite a few specialists from Italy in the early days of the Meiji period.In this essay I deal with Kinkichiro Honda (1850~1921), who first taught art anatomy to the pupils at "Shōgido", a private art school in Tokyo. Kinkichiro Honda was originally a samurai warrior of the Hiroshima clan. In March in the 4th year of the Meiji Era ( i.e.1871 ), he came up to Tokyo to study English at Keiōgijuku, a school founded in 1868 at Mita by Yukichi Fukuzawa, where he stayed for about a year.In the following year he became a probationer surveyor at the Kōbusho. While there he studied general subjects of learning, English and painting from English teachers and so on. Later on he suffered from beriberi and was compelled to resign his post, returning to Hiroshima, his home country. In the 7th year of the Meiji Era (i.e.1874), he went up to Tokyo again.Honda had a long-cherished desire to study Western-style painting, when he heard that Shinkuro Kunisawa (1847~1877) was advertising for pupils for his newly established private art school "Shōgido" located at Hayabusacho Kōjimachi ward, Tokyo. Kunisawa returned to Japan after studying English and painting in England for 4 years as a student of the Tosa Clan.Kunisawa was not strongly built and was suffering from tuberculosis while he was still in Great Britain. In March of the 10th year of the Meiji Era (i.e.1877), he died of this chronic disease. He asked Honda to look after "Shogido" after his death.Kunisawa brought home lots of books on art from England. Since Honda had a good knowledge of English, he enjoyed reading them after work everyday. Honda taught not only drawing pictures but geometry, perspective representation, human proportion and human anatomy to his pupils by translating these books.The 13th year of the Meiji Era (i.e.1880) is remarkable for the beginning of teaching art anatomy in Japan. Honda started lecturing on art anatomy to his pupils once a week. The lecturer Yohei Tamakoshi at the school of medicine, Tokyo university started teaching the same subject at Kōbubijutsu gakko in January in the 14th year of the Meiji Era (i.e.1881).Honda's lecture was exclusively based on Artistic Anatomy of the human figure by Henry Warren (1794~1879) contained in the Winsor and Newton's series of Hand-Books on Art, with numerous illustrations, vol.Ⅱ. Winsor & Newton, London, 1856. Though what Goto taught to his pupils was nothing more than a repetition of Henry Warren's words, it was enlightening and instructive in the early art education in Japan.