著者

大谷 禎之介

出版者

法政大学経済学部学会

雑誌

経済志林 = The Hosei University Economic Review (ISSN:00229741)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.1・2, pp.1-77, 2005-07-30

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In Japanese translations of Marx' works, the word "assoziiert" (associated) in the attributive usage is interpreted sometimes in the passive sense. Such translations seem to have led to misunderstandings regarding Marx' notion of "association" as the unique form of our future society. Marx used the word "assoziiert" (associated) as an attributive participle solely in the active sense, whereas the word "kombiniert" (combined) was almost always used as an attributive participle in the passive sense. This means that "assoziierte Individuen" (associated individuals) are individuals who have actively and consciously joined themselves together as the subject, while "combined laborer" refers to the laborers as a whole, made up of individuals whose labor-power was purchased separately and who were then united into a single unit and put to use as a joint social power within a workshop or factory―either by a capitalist as the personification of capital or a joint-stock-company as associated capitalists. In this matter it is essential to recognize that there is a group of past participles that are not derived from transitive verbs. There are some reflexive verbs in German, some pronominal verbs in French, and also some intransitive verbs in English, whose past participles can qualify a noun attributively. However, not only in English, but also in German as well as in French, these participles cannot be distinguished, in terms of their external form, from transitive verbs, because their reflexive pronoun is dropped when they are used attributively. The attributive participle assoziiert in German, associé in French, and associated in English, which Marx used often in his works, are all fundamentally examples of such verbs. For instance, in the expression "associated individuals," the subject associating actively is each of the "individuals," not any external power. The core of Marx' idea of "association" as the future society is that "free laboring-individuals" make up this society by "associating" subjectively, consciously, and therefore actively. In this article I explain not only the distinctions and connections between laborers passively being "combined" by capital to form the "total laborer," and the active "associating" of individual producers to form an "association," while also discussing the natural course through which the former should precisely produce the latter. In an addendum, I investigate the meaning and context in which Marx and Engels used the word "Vergesellschaftung" (socialization) and "vergesellschaftet" (socialized) in their works. With this small study, which is chiefly limited to language-related matters, I have sought to further clarify Marx' idea "association" by eradicating possible misunderstanding related to the meaning of the attributive participle "associated."

著者

牧野 文夫

出版者

法政大学経済学部学会

雑誌

経済志林 = The Hosei University Economic Review (ISSN:00229741)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.3・4, pp.231-275, 2019-03-20

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The subject of this paper is to examine the distribution of land ownership in Tokyo City. For this purpose, a database of taxable landowners is made, using land registry data compiled in the late 1910s and early 1930s. Before the Meiji restoration, land ownership was distributed highly unequally in Tokyo because approximately 70% of Edo territory was owned by Daimyos (clan lords). A large part of the total land in Tokyo City was owned by ex-Daimyos and wealthy businessmen such as the Marquis Maeda, the Iwasaki family (the owner of the Mitsubishi financial and industrial conglomerate) or the Mitsui family, even in the late Meiji period. Large land ownership shifted from personal owners to corporate owners with the territorial expansion of Tokyo City. The financial crisis of the late 1920s (Showa Kyoko) also facilitated the shift from personal to corporate ownership due to the decline of the Kazoku (peerage). It should be emphasized that wealthy businessmen transferred their personal financial assets or real estate to the Hozenkaisha (asset preservation companies) that were developed in the mid-1910s. Estimates of the Gini coefficient of land assets owned by households proved that the highly unequal distribution of land remained unchanged in Tokyo City during the late 1910s and early 1930s.

著者

中根 康裕

出版者

法政大学経済学部学会

雑誌

経済志林 = The Hosei University Economic Review (ISSN:00229741)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.2, pp.225-245, 2018-10-20