著者

Alejandro Villasante Carolina Ramirez Natalia Catalán Jaime Romero

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.4, pp.459-460, 2018 (Released:2018-12-28)

被引用文献数

3

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Volume 32, No. 4, Page 386–389, 2017 <Page 1, left column>L4: Ref. 9 and 17 should be replaced with 10 and 19, respectively.L10: Ref. 7 and 8 should be replaced with 8 and 9, respectively.L14: “cost-efficient buoyancy-controlling” should be replaced by “energy cost-efficient buoyancy-controlling”.L15: Ref. 23 and 26 should be replaced with 26 and 30, respectively.L18: Ref. 24 and 27 should be replaced with 28 and 31, respectively.L21: Ref. 14 should be replaced with 15.L24: Ref. 24 should be replaced with 28.L28: Ref. 25 should be replaced with 17 and 29.L33: Ref. 18 should be replaced with 20. <Page 1, right column>L6: Ref. 3 and 20 should be replaced with 4 and 23, respectively.L21: “every d” should be replaced by “every day”.L25: Ref. 13 should be replaced with 14. <Page 2, left column>L4: Ref. 12 should be replaced with 13.L9: Ref. 12 should be replaced with 14.L10: Ref. 12 should be replaced with 14.L32: Ref. 10 should be replaced with 11. <Page 3, left column>L5: Ref. should be (16, 17, 18).L20: Ref. should be (6, 22).L25–L26: should be (16, 18, 21).L-27: Ref. 16 should be replaced with 27. <Page 3, right column>L3: Ref. should be (5, 24).L5–L6: Ref. should be (7, 25).L29: Ref. 11 should be replaced with 12.L29: Add “in mammals, including human” after “a unique steady-state microbiota”.L33: Ref. should be (4, 23).

著者

Koki Toyota Sayo Shirai

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.4, pp.345-347, 2018 (Released:2018-12-28)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

12

著者

Takashi Narihiro Masaru Konishi Nobu Tomoyuki Hori Tomo Aoyagi Yuya Sato Tomohiro Inaba Hidenobu Aizawa Hideyuki Tamaki Hiroshi Habe

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME18108, (Released:2018-12-22)

被引用文献数

6

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The present study characterized the interactions of microbial populations in activated sludge systems during the operational period after an increase in the wastewater flow rate and consequential ammonia accumulation using a 16S rRNA gene sequencing-based network analysis. Two hundred microbial populations accounting for 81.8% of the total microbiome were identified. Based on a co-occurrence analysis, Nitrosomonas-type ammonia oxidizers had one of the largest number of interactions with diverse bacteria, including a bulking-associated Thiothrix organism. These results suggest that an increased flow rate has an impact on constituents by changing ammonia concentrations and also that Nitrosomonas- and Thiothrix-centric responses are critical for ammonia removal and microbial community recovery.

著者

Mohamed S. Sarhan Sascha Patz Mervat A. Hamza Hanan H. Youssef Elhussein F. Mourad Mohamed Fayez Brian Murphy Silke Ruppel Nabil A. Hegazi

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.3, pp.317-325, 2018 (Released:2018-09-29)

参考文献数

64

被引用文献数

18

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The rapid development of high-throughput techniques and expansion of bacterial databases have accelerated efforts to bring plant microbiomes into cultivation. We introduced plant-only-based culture media as a successful candidate to mimic the nutritional matrices of plant roots. We herein employed a G3 PhyloChip microarray to meticulously characterize the culture-dependent and -independent bacterial communities of the maize root compartments, the endo- and ecto-rhizospheres. An emphasis was placed on the preference of the growth of unculturable candidate divisions/phyla on plant-only-based culture media over standard culture media (nutrient agar). A total of 1,818 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were resolved representing 67 bacterial phyla. Plant-only-based culture media displayed particular affinity towards recovering endophytic over ectophytic rhizobacteria. This was shown by the slightly higher recovery of CFUs for endophytes on plant-only-based culture media (26%) than on standard culture media (10%) as well as the higher taxa richness and numbers of exclusive families of unculturable divisions/phyla. Out of 30 bacterial phyla (comprising >95% of the whole population), 13 were of a significantly higher incidence on plant-only-based culture media, 6 phyla of which were not-yet-cultured (Atribacteria, OP9; Dependentiae, TM6; Latescibacteria, WS3; Marinimicrobia, SAR406; Omnitrophica, OP3; BRC1). Furthermore, plant-only-based culture media significantly enriched less abundant and/or hard-to-culture bacterial phyla (Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Tenericutes). These results present conclusive evidence of the ability of plant-only-based culture media to bring the plant-fed in situ microbiome into the status of plant-fed in vitro cultures, and to widen the scope of cultivation of heretofore-unculturable bacterial divisions/phyla.

著者

María del Rocío Bustillos-Cristales Ivan Corona-Gutierrez Miguel Castañeda-Lucio Carolina Águila-Zempoaltécatl Eduardo Seynos-García Ismael Hernández-Lucas Jesús Muñoz-Rojas Liliana Medina-Aparicio Luis Ernesto Fuentes-Ramírez

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.32, no.3, pp.244-251, 2017 (Released:2017-09-27)

参考文献数

61

被引用文献数

3 24

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Methanol-consuming culturable bacteria were isolated from the plant surface, rhizosphere, and inside the stem of Neobuxbaumia macrocephala. All 38 isolates were facultative methylotrophic microorganisms. Their classification included the Classes Actinobacteria, Sphingobacteriia, Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria. The deduced amino acid sequences of methanol dehydrogenase obtained by PCR belonging to Actinobacteria, Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria showed high similarity to rare-earth element (REE)-dependent XoxF methanol dehydrogenases, particularly the group XoxF5. The sequences included Asp301, the REE-coordinating amino acid, present in all known XoxF dehydrogenases and absent in MxaF methanol dehydrogenases. The quantity of the isolates showed positive hybridization with a xoxF probe, but not with a mxaF probe. Isolates of all taxonomic groups showed methylotrophic growth in the presence of Ce3+ or Ca2+. The presence of xoxF-like sequences in methylotrophic bacteria from N. macrocephala and its potential relationship with their adaptability to xerophytic plants are discussed.

著者

Rajani Ghaju Shrestha Yasuhiro Tanaka Bikash Malla Sarmila Tandukar Dinesh Bhandari Daisuke Inoue Kazunari Sei Jeevan B. Sherchand Eiji Haramoto

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME18052, (Released:2018-09-06)

被引用文献数

12

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Arcobacter spp. are emerging pathogens associated with gastroenteritis in humans. The objective of this study was to develop a highly sensitive and broadly reactive quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for Arcobacter spp. and to apply the developed assay to different water sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Fifteen samples to be analyzed by next-generation sequencing were collected from 13 shallow dug wells, a deep tube well, and a river in the Kathmandu Valley in August 2015. Among the 86 potential pathogenic bacterial genera identified, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, and Arcobacter were detected with relatively high abundance in 15, 14, 12, and 8 samples, respectively. A primer pair was designed with maximal nucleotide homologies among Arcobacter spp. by comparing the sequences of 16S rRNA genes. These primers were highly specific to most of the known species of Arcobacter and quantified between 1.0×101 and 6.4×106 copies reaction–1 and sometimes detected as few as 3 copies reaction–1. The qPCR assay was used to quantify Arcobacter spp. in bacterial DNA in not only the above 15 water samples, but also in 33 other samples collected from 15 shallow dug wells, 6 shallow tube wells, 5 stone spouts, 4 deep tube wells, and 3 springs. Thirteen (27%) out of 48 samples tested were positive for Arcobacter spp., with concentrations of 5.3–9.1 log copies 100 mL–1. This qPCR assay represents a powerful new tool to assess the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in environmental water samples.

著者

Amin Mojiri Kazuma Nishimoto Takanori Awata Yoshiteru Aoi Noriatsu Ozaki Akiyoshi Ohashi Tomonori Kindaichi

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME18068, (Released:2018-08-24)

被引用文献数

9

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Four salts, SEALIFE (a synthetic sea salt), NaCl, Na2SO4, and NaCl+KCl, were applied to monitor the effects of salinity on “Candidatus Scalindua sp.”, a marine anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacterium. The highest ammonium consumption of 10 μmol mg protein–1 d–1 was observed at 88 mmol L–1 of Na in the presence of NaCl. The highest inorganic carbon uptake of 0.6 μmol mg protein–1 d–1 was observed at 117 mmol L–1 of Na and at 16 mmol L–1 of K in the presence of NaCl+KCl. Thus, Na and K are both important for maintaining a high growth rate of “Candidatus Scalindua sp.”

著者

Hui Zhu Dong Zeng Qiang Wang Ning Wang Bo Zeng Lili Niu Xueqin Ni

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME17163, (Released:2018-07-25)

被引用文献数

14

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Diarrhea is often associated with marked alterations in the intestinal microbiota, termed dysbiosis; however, limited information is currently available on the intestinal microbiota in captive golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) with diarrhea. We herein characterized the fecal microbiota in diarrhea and healthy monkeys using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The concentrations of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and copy numbers of virulence factor genes were also assessed using gas chromatography and quantitative PCR (qPCR), respectively. The results obtained showed that diarrhea monkeys harbored a distinctive microbiota from that of healthy monkeys and had 45% fewer Bacteroidetes. Among healthy subjects, old monkeys had the lowest relative abundance of Bacteroidetes. Linear discriminant analysis coupled with the effect size (LEfSe) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) identified significant differences in microbial taxa between diarrhea and healthy monkeys. A PICRUSt analysis revealed that several pathogenic genes were enriched in diarrhea monkeys, while glycan metabolism genes were overrepresented in healthy monkeys. A positive correlation was observed between the abundance of nutrition metabolism-related genes and the individual digestive capacities of healthy monkeys. Consequently, the abundance of genes encoding heat stable enterotoxin was significantly higher in diarrhea monkeys than in healthy monkeys (P<0.05). In healthy subjects, adult monkeys had significant higher concentrations of butyrate and total SCFAs than old monkeys (P<0.05). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that diarrhea had a microbial component and changes in the microbial structure were accompanied by altered systemic metabolic states. These results suggest that pathogens and malabsorption are the two main causes of diarrhea, which are closely related to the microbial structure and functions.

著者

Daniel Sanhueza Christine Chevillon Nicolas Bouzinbi Sylvain Godreuil Jean-François Guégan

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.2, pp.234-237, 2018 (Released:2018-07-04)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

7

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Species with a chitinous exoskeleton are overrepresented among the aquatic organisms carrying Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU) in nature and laboratory experiments have demonstrated the enhancing effects of chitin on the growth of MU. Field surveys identified pH as one of the key parameters delineating the distribution of MU in tropical regions. The present study investigated the relationship between chitin and pH in MU growth. By focusing on pH variations in the field, our results revealed that chitin enhanced MU growth in acidic environments. The present study provides new information on the ecological conditions favoring the development of this mycobacterium in nature.

著者

Takuro Nunoura Manabu Nishizawa Miho Hirai Shigeru Shimamura Phurt Harnvoravongchai Osamu Koide Yuki Morono Toshiaki Fukui Fumio Inagaki Junichi Miyazaki Yoshihiro Takaki Ken Takai

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME17194, (Released:2018-05-25)

被引用文献数

67

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The Challenger Deep is the deepest ocean on Earth. The present study investigated microbial community structures and geochemical cycles associated with the trench bottom sediments of the Challenger Deep, the Mariana Trench. The SSU rRNA gene communities found in trench bottom sediments were dominated by the bacteria Chloroflexi (SAR202 and other lineages), Bacteroidetes, Planctomycetes, “Ca. Marinimicrobia” (SAR406), and Gemmatimonadetes and by the archaeal α subgroup of MGI Thaumarchaeota and “Ca. Woesearchaeota” (Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Euryarchaeotic Group 6). The SSU rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that the dominant populations of the thaumarchaeal α group in hadal water and sediments were similar to each other at the species or genus level. In addition, the co-occurrence of nitrification and denitrification was revealed by the combination of pore water geochemical analyses and quantitative PCR for nitrifiers.

著者

Hye Young Ko Kyuseon Cho SungJun Park Jin Hwi Kim Joo-Hyon Kang Yong Seok Jeong Jong Duck Choi Yongsik Sin Cheonghoon Lee GwangPyo Ko

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME17166, (Released:2018-06-01)

被引用文献数

11

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Various waterborne pathogens originate from human or animal feces and may cause severe gastroenteric outbreaks. Bacteroides spp. that exhibit strong host- or group-specificities are promising markers for identifying fecal sources and their origins. In the present study, 240 water samples were collected from two major aquaculture areas in Republic of Korea over a period of approximately 1 year, and the concentrations and occurrences of four host-specific Bacteroides markers (human, poultry, pig, and ruminant) were evaluated in the study areas. Host-specific Bacteroides markers were detected widely in the study areas, among which the poultry-specific Bacteroides marker was detected at the highest concentration (1.0–1.2 log10 copies L–1). During the sampling period, high concentrations of host-specific Bacteroides markers were detected between September and December 2015. The host-specific Bacteroides marker-combined geospatial map revealed the up-to-downstream gradient of fecal contamination, as well as the effects of land-use patterns on host-specific Bacteroides marker concentrations. In contrast to traditional bacterial indicators, the human-specific Bacteroides marker correlated with human specific pathogens, such as noroviruses (r=0.337; P<0.001). The present results indicate that host-specific Bacteroides genetic markers with an advanced geospatial analysis are useful for tracking fecal sources and associated pathogens in aquaculture areas.

著者

Kaori Ohki Kazumasa Yamada Mitsunobu Kamiya Shinya Yoshikawa

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.2, pp.171-178, 2012 (Released:2012-06-09)

参考文献数

39

被引用文献数

8 15

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Small cyanobacteria (<2 μm, pico-cyanobacteria) are abundant in waters deeper than the oxic-anoxic zone in the halocline of a saline meromictic lake, Lake Suigetsu, Fukui, Japan. We have isolated 101 strains that were grouped into six groups by means of the phycobiliprotein composition and sequence homology of the intergenic spacer between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes. Significant growth was observed under weak green light (1.5 μmol m−2 s−1, approx. 460 to 600 nm), whereas the cells died under white light at even moderate intensities. The isolates grew in a wide range of salinities (0.2 to 3.2%). Tolerance to sulfide varied: four groups grew in medium containing sulfide, however, two groups did not. None of the isolates were capable of anoxygenic photosynthetic (PS-II independent photosynthetic) growth using sulfide as an electron donor. All groups were included within fresh and brackish water of Synechococcus/Cyanobium clade, but they were not monophyletic in the 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic tree. The physiological properties of pico-cyanobacteria showed that they had the ability to survive in unique physicochemical environments in the halocline of this saline meromictic lake.

著者

砂村 倫成 大和田 紘一

出版者

Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology · The Japanese Society of Soil Microbiology

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.45-50, 1998-03-31 (Released:2009-10-05)

参考文献数

31

---

One of the gases which scientists have so much concern related to global warming is methane. Although amounts of methane release to atmosphere from ocean and coastal areas are not so enormous compared with wetlands and rice paddies, methane stock in the sediments is considered to be big amount. It means probably that methane produced by microbial activity is oxidized and recycled also by the aerobic and anaerobic microbial activity in the sediments and waters. Unfortunately, however, quite few information is now available on the methanogenic activity related to population of methanogenic bacteria and other groups of microorganisms. In this paper, we mentioned about our study on methanogenic bacteria conducted in the Japanese coastal waters and also reviewed the studies of them which have been done in various regions.

著者

Elhussein F Mourad Mohamed S Sarhan Hassan-Sibroe A Daanaa Mennatullah Abdou Ahmed T Morsi Mohamed R Abdelfadeel Hend Elsawey Rahma Nemr Mahmoud El-Tahan Mervat A Hamza Mohamed Abbas Hanan H Youssef Abdelhadi A Abdelhadi Wafaa M Amer Mohamed Fayez Silke Ruppel Nabil A Hegazi

出版者

日本微生物生態学会・日本土壌微生物学会

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME17135, (Released:2018-02-23)

被引用文献数

22

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In order to improve the culturability and biomass production of rhizobacteria, we previously introduced plant-only-based culture media. We herein attempted to widen the scope of plant materials suitable for the preparation of plant-only-based culture media. We chemically analyzed the refuse of turfgrass, cactus, and clover. They were sufficiently rich to support good in vitro growth by rhizobacteria isolates representing Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. They were also adequate and efficient to produce a cell biomass in liquid batch cultures. These culture media were as sufficient as artificial culture media for the cultivation and recovery of the in situ rhizobacteria of barley (Hordeum murinum L.). Based on culture-dependent (CFU plate counting) and culture-independent analyses (qPCR), mowed turfgrass, in particular, supported the highest culturable population of barley endophytes, representing >16% of the total bacterial number quantified with qPCR. This accurately reflected the endophytic community composition, in terms of diversity indices (S’, H’, and D’) based on PCR-DGGE, and clustered the plant culture media together with the qPCR root populations away from the artificial culture media. Despite the promiscuous nature of the plant materials tested to culture the plant microbiome, our results indicated that plant materials of a homologous nature to the tested host plant, at least at the family level, and/or of the same environment were more likely to be selected. Plant-only-based culture media require further refinements in order to provide selectivity for the in vitro growth of members of the plant microbiome, particularly difficult-to-culture bacteria. This will provide insights into their hidden roles in the environment and support future culturomic studies.

著者

Shingo Kato Sanae Sakai Miho Hirai Eiji Tasumi Manabu Nishizawa Katsuhiko Suzuki Ken Takai

出版者

日本微生物生態学会・日本土壌微生物学会

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME17165, (Released:2018-02-16)

被引用文献数

31

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Many thermophiles thriving in a natural high-temperature environment remain uncultivated, and their ecophysiological functions in the biogeochemical cycle remain unclear. In the present study, we performed long-term continuous cultivation at 65°C and 70°C using a microbial mat sample, collected from a subsurface geothermal stream, as the inoculum, and reconstructed the whole genome of the maintained populations using metagenomics. Some metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), affiliated into phylum-level bacterial and archaeal clades without cultivated representatives, contained genes involved in nitrogen metabolism including nitrification and denitrification. Our results show genetic components and their potential interactions for the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle in a subsurface geothermal environment.

著者

Satoko Noda Daichi Shimizu Masahiro Yuki Osamu Kitade Moriya Ohkuma

出版者

日本微生物生態学会・日本土壌微生物学会

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME17096, (Released:2018-01-24)

被引用文献数

44

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Cellulolytic flagellated protists inhabit the hindgut of termites. They are unique and essential to termites and related wood-feeding cockroaches, enabling host feeding on cellulosic matter. Protists of two genera in the family Teranymphidae (phylum Parabasalia), Eucomonympha and Teranympha, are phylogenetically closely related and harbor intracellular endosymbiotic bacteria from the genus Treponema. In order to obtain a clearer understanding of the evolutionary history of this triplex symbiotic relationship, the molecular phylogenies of the three symbiotic partners, the Teranymphidae protists, their Treponema endosymbionts, and their host termites, were inferred and compared. Strong congruence was observed in the tree topologies of all interacting partners, implying their cospeciating relationships. In contrast, the coevolutionary relationship between the Eucomonympha protists and their endosymbionts was more complex, and evidence of incongruence against cospeciating relationships suggested frequent host switches of the endosymbionts, possibly because multiple Eucomonympha species are present in the same gut community. Similarities in the 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences of the endosymbionts were higher among Teranympha spp. (>99.25% and >97.2%, respectively), whereas those between Teranympha and Eucomonympha were lower (<97.1% and <91.9%, respectively). In addition, the endosymbionts of Teranympha spp. formed a phylogenetic clade distinct from those of Eucomonympha spp. Therefore, the endosymbiont species of Teranympha spp., designated here as “Candidatus Treponema teratonymphae”, needs to be classified as a species distinct from the endosymbiont species of Eucomonympha spp.

著者

Tomohiro Inaba Tomoyuki Hori Yuya Sato Tomo Aoyagi Dai Hanajima Atsushi Ogata Hiroshi Habe

出版者

日本微生物生態学会・日本土壌微生物学会

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME17112, (Released:2017-12-12)

被引用文献数

13

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Limited information is currently available on the contribution of eukaryotes to the reactor performance of membrane bioreactors (MBRs). Using high-throughput Illumina sequencing of 18S rRNA genes and microscopic observations, we investigated eukaryotic microbiomes in membrane-attached biofilms in MBRs treating piggery wastewater. Protozoa preying on bacteria were frequently detected under stable conditions when membrane clogging was suppressed. However, the eukaryotes preying upon protozoa became predominant in biofilms when membrane fouling rapidly progressed. We herein demonstrated that a comprehensive investigation of eukaryotic microbiomes using high-throughput sequencing contributes to a better understanding of the microbial ecology involved in wastewater treatment.

著者

Ethan T. Hillman Hang Lu Tianming Yao Cindy H. Nakatsu

出版者

日本微生物生態学会・日本土壌微生物学会

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME17017, (Released:2017-11-10)

被引用文献数

339

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The ecosystem of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract traverses a number of environmental, chemical, and physical conditions because it runs from the oral cavity to the anus. These differences in conditions along with food or other ingested substrates affect the composition and density of the microbiota as well as their functional roles by selecting those that are the most suitable for that environment. Previous studies have mostly focused on Bacteria, with the number of studies conducted on Archaea, Eukarya, and Viruses being limited despite their important roles in this ecosystem. Furthermore, due to the challenges associated with collecting samples directly from the inside of humans, many studies are still exploratory, with a primary focus on the composition of microbiomes. Thus, mechanistic studies to investigate functions are conducted using animal models. However, differences in physiology and microbiomes need to be clarified in order to aid in the translation of animal model findings into the context of humans. This review will highlight Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, and Viruses, discuss differences along the GI tract of healthy humans, and perform comparisons with three common animal models: rats, mice, and pigs.

著者

Ruizhen Wang Leiming Dong Yuequ Chen Liangjian Qu Qinghua Wang Yongan Zhang

出版者

日本微生物生態学会・日本土壌微生物学会

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.ME16167, (Released:2017-08-19)

被引用文献数

10

---

Symbioses have played pivotal roles in biological, ecological, and evolutionary diversification. Symbiotic bacteria affect the biology of hosts in a number of ways. Esteya vermicola, an endoparasitic nematophagous fungus, has high infectivity in the pine wood nematode (PWN), which causes devastating ecological damage and economic losses in Asia and Europe. An integration of molecular, phylogenetic, and morphological analyses revealed that surface-sterilized E. vermicola with septate hyphae from different geographic locations harbor bacterial endosymbionts. 16S rRNA gene sequences from four fungal strains all clustered in a well-supported monophyletic clade that was the most closely related to Pseudomonas stutzeri and affiliated with Gammaproteobacteria. The existence and intracellular location of endobacteria was revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Our results showed that endobacteria were coccoid, vertically inherited, as yet uncultured, and essential symbionts. Ultrastructural observations indicated that young and old endobacteria differed in cell size, cell wall thickness, and the degree of reproduction. The results of the present study provide a fundamental understanding of the endobacteria inside E. vermicola and raise questions regarding the impact of endobacteria on the biology, ecology, and evolution of their fungal host.

著者

姫野 道夫

出版者

日本微生物生態学会 / 日本土壌微生物学会 / Taiwan Society of Microbial Ecology / 植物微生物研究会

雑誌

Microbes and Environments (ISSN:13426311)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.245-252, 1999-12-31 (Released:2009-10-05)

参考文献数

27

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The spore-forming, gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), is a ubiquitous soil micro-organism. Since the first Bt was isolated as a pathogen of silkworm in 1901, it has become possible to group these isolates into 50 serovars. At present it has been estimated that over 60, 000 isolates are being maintained in culture collections worldwide. The delta-endotoxin products in Bt during spore-forming stage are most widely used as biological control agents and pesticides that do not pollute the enviroment.The delta-endotoxin is an insecticidal protein that be coded by cry gene to constructs a crystalline protein bodies. After a susceptible insect ingested these crystalline bodies, the proteins are dissolved in midgut by the digestive juice and changed to an active toxin protein. In this review, the mode of action of the delta-endotoxin, improvement of Bt products by gene manipulation for the development of biopesticides (recombinant microbes) against Bt-resistance pests and also transgenic plants incorporating the cry genes were introduced.