著者

Nishi Hirotaka Sota Teiji

出版者

日本動物学会

雑誌

Zoological Science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.5, pp.475-485, 2007-05

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We studied genetic variation within the Japanese land snail Euhadra herklotsi, which occurs on Kyushu and the surrounding islands, using partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene and nuclear ITS2 genes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of two major clades: clade N in the north and clade S in the south. These clades were parapatric and overlapped in southern Kyushu. Genetic divergence was high in clade N, whereas it was much lower in clade S. In addition, isolation-by-distance within each clade was implied. Since no current geographical barriers separate these clades, the genetic structure of clade S might have been influenced by historical events, such as volcanic activity, and a resulting population bottleneck followed by range expansion. The genital characteristics of clade-S snails were distinct from those of clade-N snails, and snails in both clades were sympatric at one locality. The shells of clade-N snails were generally larger than those of clade-S snails, but the shell-size variation within each clade could not be explained simply by environmental variables. Our study suggests that E. herklotsi likely consists of two sibling species. The taxonomic status of the previously proposed subspecies of E. herklotsi and related species requires reassessment.

著者

Sasakawa,Koji

出版者

Zoological Society of Japan

雑誌

Zoological science

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.11, 2005-11-25

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Pterostichus (Nialoe) asymmetricus Bates and its allies are revised based on the membranous parts of their genitalia. Four new taxa, P. (N.) ovaliphallus sp. Nov., P. (N.) fujimurai ibukiyamanus ssp. Nov., P. (N.) shotaroi kiimontanus ssp. Nov., and P. (N.) basilobatus sp. Nov. are described. A cladistic analysis based on 31 morphological characters reveals that Daisenilaoe (s. str.) Nakane and Straneo is included as one clade within Nialoe (s. str.). The speciation and dispersal process of this species group are also discussed.

著者

Torii T.

出版者

Zoological Society of Japan

雑誌

Zoological science

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, 2001

著者

Tanaka,Kazuhiro

出版者

Zoological Society of Japan

雑誌

Zoological science

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.5, 1997-10

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Cold tolerance of overwintering nymphs of a cockroach, Periplaneta japonica, was examined in terms of the supercooling capacity and lower lethal temperature. The supercooling point of overwintering nymphs fell in a relatively narrow range of temperature from -6 to -9℃ and no correlation was observed between the supercooling point and body size. In the temperature range from -5 to -8℃, a significant proportion of cockroaches could tolerate a 12 hr period of tissue freezing. The freeze tolerance capacity differed between nymphal instars, but the supercooling capacity was similar for all nymphs. In a freezing trial at -6 and -7℃, none of the first instar nymphs recovered after tissue freezing, whereas many mid (from 3rd to 5th) and final (8th) instar nymphs survived freezing. Glucose, myo-inositol, scyllo-inositol and trehalose were found in overwintering nymphs, but neither the array nor the content except for trehalose differed among the nymphal instars. Unexpectedly, the concentration of trehalose was negatively correlated to freeze tolerance. Winter survival of this cockroach may be based on both the freeze tolerance and microhabitat selection.

著者

Chikamoto Kyoko Kagaya Katsushi Takahata Masakazu

出版者

Zoological Society of Japan

雑誌

Zoological Science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.8, pp.783-792, 2008-08

被引用文献数

11

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Crayfish initiate walking behavior not only reflexively in response to external stimuli but also spontaneously in the absence of any specific stimulus. In order to analyze the initiation mechanism underlying these different types of walking, we made simultaneous electromyographic (EMG) recordings from thoracic legs when animals initiated walking, either reflexively or spontaneously, and video recorded their movements synchronously with the EMG recording. Two different stimuli, mechanical and chemical, were used to reflexively induce walking. A non-rhythmic, sustained activation of leg muscles was found to precede the behavioral initiation of either type of walking. The duration of this non-rhythmic muscle activation was significantly longer in the spontaneously initiated walking than in the mechanical stimulus-evoked walking, although no difference was observed between the spontaneous and chemical stimulus-evoked walking. EMG recordings from all eight legs revealed that their non-rhythmic muscle activation occurred almost simultaneously prior to initiation of rhythmical stepping movements. When an animal was suspended without a leg substratum, the timing of muscle activation was more variable among the legs than in the free condition on the substratum. When the circumesophageal commissures were both severed to eliminate signals descending from the brain to the thoracic ganglia, the bilaterally coordinated rhythmic burst activity was not observed in the walking legs. These findings suggest that the spontaneous initiation of walking behavior requires sensory feedback signals from leg proprioceptors, subserved by a different descending activation mechanism from that for stimulus-driven initiation of walking.

著者

Motokawa Masaharu Suzuki Hitoshi Harada Masashi Lin Liang-Kong Koyasu Kazuhiro Oda Sen-ichi

出版者

社団法人日本動物学会

雑誌

Zoological science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.4, pp.497-504, 2000-05-20

被引用文献数

5 6

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Phylogenetic relationships among the East Asian species of the genus Crocidura (Mammalia, Insectivora, Soricidae) were inferred from the partial sequences (402 base pairs) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Six species of Crocidura and one representative of another insectivoran genus Suncus were examined. In the neighbor joining tree, four distinct lineages were recognized: C. lasiura from northeastern China and Korea, and C. dsinezumi from the main-islands of Japan; C. attenuata from Taiwan; C. watasei from the Amami and Okinawa Groups, and S. murinus from the Miyako Group; and C. suaveolens from Tsushima and Taiwan, and C. sibirica from Central Asia in Russian territory. All these lineages excluding C. lasiura and C. dsinezumi were also recognized by the maximum parsimony analysis. Clustering of C. watasei with S. murinus suggested the non-monophyly of the genus Crocidura as of the present definition. Biogeographical implications of the present results were also discussed.

著者

Shinohara Akio Suzuki Hitoshi Tsuchiya Kimiyuki Zhang Ya-Ping Luo Jing Jiang Xue-Long Wang Ying-Xiang Campbell Kevin L.

出版者

社団法人日本動物学会

雑誌

Zoological science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.12, pp.1177-1185, 2004-12-25

被引用文献数

5 40

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We sequenced the cytochrome b gene from two little-studied mammal species from the highlands of Southwest China, the long-tailed mole Scaptonyx fusicaudus and the gracile shrew-like mole Uropsilus gracilis. This data was used to examine the phylogenetic relationships among 19 talpid species within the family Talpidae (Mammalia: Eulipotyphla). Cytochrome b gene trees supported a basal placement of shrew-like moles (Uropsilus) within the Talpidae, and suggested that fossorial specializations arose twice during talpid evolution. To assess the evolutionary relationships of moles endemic to this region, we additionally sequenced the 12S rRNA gene and the nuclear recombination-activating gene-1 from eight and ten East Asian taxa, respectively. Analyses of these single and concatenated data sets suggested that East Asian shrew moles diverged prior to the evolution of fossorial Eurasian moles. However, we were unable to determine whether semi-fossorial shrew moles are monophyletic. In contrast, fossorial Eurasian genera (Talpa, Mogera and Euroscaptor) were consistently found to form a monophyletic clade, with Mogera and Euroscaptor representing sister taxa. Furthermore, this fossorial clade grouped with the semi-aquatic Desmana, although with fairly low (35-62%) bootstrap support. Mogera imaizumii was found to be more closely related to M. wogura than to M. tokudae. This implies that the ancestors of these three species entered Japan from the Asian continent in this order via a series of migration events, suggesting that the Japanese Islands have played an important role in preserving mole lineages from ancient to recent times.

著者

Endo Hideki Niizawa Nobuharu Komiya Teruyuki Kawada Shinichiro Kimura Junpei Itou Takuya Koie Hiroshi Sakai Takeo

出版者

Zoological Society of Japan

雑誌

Zoological science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.10, pp.1005-1011, 2007-10

被引用文献数

2 17

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The gross anatomy of the mastication system of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) was examined by means of three-dimensional image analysis. The anteater rotates the mandibles medially and laterally to control its tongue when it is elongated and to house it when it is relaxed. Three-dimensional CT image analysis demonstrated that the shape and size of the oral cavity changes drastically when the mandibles are rotated. The oral cavity expands bilaterally when the dorsal part of the mandibles bend medially. Macroscopic observations and muscle-weight data supported the observation that the superficial temporal and medial pterygoid muscles act as the main medial and lateral rotators of the mandible, respectively. The low height of the mandibular ramus and the incomplete zygomatic arch in this species represent adaptations for the rotational movement of the mandibles, since they both contribute to the medially oriented transmission of force from the temporal muscles and to preventing collision between the mandibles and the cranium during the rotational movement.

著者

Suzuki Tomohiko Yuasa Hajime Machida Yoshihiko

出版者

日本動物学会

雑誌

Zoological science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.4, pp.621-626, 1996-08-15

著者

Gibson Ray Sundberg Per

出版者

社団法人 日本動物学会

雑誌

Zoological science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.9, pp.1259-1273, 2001-12-10

参考文献数

59

被引用文献数

1 9

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Three species of marine nemerteans described and illustrated from Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, include one new genus and two new species: these are the monostiliferous hoplonemerteans Thallasionemertes leucocephala gen. et sp. nov. and Correanemertes polyophthalma sp. nov. A new colour variety of the heteronemertean Micrura callima is also reported, this species previously only being known from Rottnest Island, Western Australia. A key for the field identification of the marine nemerteans recorded from coastal Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef is provided.

著者

Tomioka Shinri Kakui Keiichi Kajihara Hiroshi

雑誌

Zoological Science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.5, pp.436-445, 2018-10

被引用文献数

4

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Capitellids have emerged as monophyletic in most but not all recent molecular phylogenies, indicating that more extensive taxon sampling is necessary. In addition, monophyly of most or all capitellid genera was questionable, as some diagnostic characters vary ontogenetically within individuals. We tested the monophyly of Capitellidae and eight capitellid genera using phylogenetic analyses of combined 18S, 28S, H3, and COI gene sequences from 36 putative capitellid species. In our trees, Capitellidae formed a monophyletic sister group to Echiura, and Capitella was also monophyletic, separated by a long branch from other capitellids. Well-supported clades each containing representatives of different genera, or containing a subset of species within a genus, indicated that Barantolla, Heteromastus, and Notomastus are likely not monophyletic. We mapped three morphological characters traditionally used to define capitellid genera (head width relative to width of first segment, number of thoracic segments, and number of segments with capillary chaetae) onto our tree. While Capitella showed unique character states, states in the other genera were decidedly not phylogenetically informative. Morphology-based capitellid taxonomy will require a fine-scale reevaluation of character states and detection of new characters.

著者

Masaki Tadakatsu Endo Katsuhiko Kumagai Kanji

出版者

Zoological Society of Japan

雑誌

Zoological Science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.5, no.5, pp.p1051-1057, 1988-10

被引用文献数

1

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In the butterfly, Polygonia c-aureum L., a physiological mechanism underlying the photoperiodic control of seasonal-morph development involves a summer-morph-producing factor (SMPH). Amounts of SMPH present in the brain-extracts of Polygonia pupae as well as in those of the silkmoth. Bombyx mori, were evaluated by Polygonia pupal assay for SMPH. The factors responsible for SMPH-activity in the Polygonia and Bombyx brain-extracts were heat-stable (95℃ for 5min), but they were thought to be peptide hormones since the brain-extracts became SMPH-inactive by hydrolyzing with trypsin (24hr at 25℃). According to the Sephadex G-50 gel-filtration pattern of SMPH-activity, the ultimate molecular weight of SMPH was though to be 4500, which is almost the same size as the small prothoracicotropic hormone purified from the silkmoth, B. mori (4K-PTTH or bombixin: M. W. 4400). This finding is also supported by evidence in our present study that 2 (out of 4) Sephadex G-50 fractions judged as being SMPH-active showed 4K-PTTH-activity by Papilio pupal assay. However, the factor showing SMPH-activity was not thought to be identical with the one showing 4K-PTTH-activity in P. c-aureum since they were separated by reversed-phase HPLC.

著者

Kakui Keiichi Katoh Toru Hiruta Shimpei F. Kobayashi Norio Kajihara Hiroshi

雑誌

Zoological Science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.10, pp.749-757, 2011

被引用文献数

34

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Phylogenetic relationships within Tanaidacea were analyzed based on sequence data for the 18S rRNA gene. Our results strongly supported a monophyletic group composed of Neotanaidae, Tanaoidea, and Paratanaoidea, with the first two taxa forming a clade. These results contradict three previously suggested hypotheses of relationships. Based on the molecular results, and considering morphological similarities/differences between Neotanaidomorpha and Tanaidomorpha, we demoted Suborder Neotanaidomorpha to Superfamily Neotanaoidea within Tanaidomorpha; with this change, the classification of extant tanaidaceans becomes a two-suborder, four-superfamily system. This revision required revision of the diagnoses for Tanaidomorpha and its three superfamilies. The results for Apseudomorpha were ambiguous: this taxon was monophyletic in the maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses, but paraphyletic in the maximum parsimony and minimum evolution analyses.

著者

Kakui Keiichi Hayakawa Yoshinobu Katakura Haruo

雑誌

Zoological Science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.2, pp.129-136, 2017-04

被引用文献数

5

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We investigated the life cycle of the tanaidid Zeuxo sp. 1 (Crustacea: Peracarida: Tanaidacea), which lives epiphytically in dwelling tubes on the algae Sargassum spp. and Neorhodomela aculeata in Oshoro Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. We obtained data on its population size distribution, age structure, and reproductive phenology through monthly sampling from April 2011 to June 2012. From these data, we detected an overwintering group (F0) that arises from mancae that are released in autumn, overwinters, reproduces the following spring, and then disappears. The overwintering group produces mancae (F1) that reach maturity and themselves reproduce within six weeks after release; the F1, mancae give rise to an F2 and possibly an F3 generation within a single summer. We refer to individuals that reproduce in the same summer that they were released as the ‘annual group’. Reproduction overall was restricted to the period from May to October, when the seasurface temperature exceeded 10°C. During both years, overwintering females first became reproductive in May. Reproduction in the annual group began in June and continued through mid-October. Mancae were observed in samples from June through October. The two groups differed significantly in size at reproduction; compared to the annual group, females in the overwintering group reproduced at larger minimum and average body sizes, and males began to express enlarged chelae, a secondary sexual character, at a larger size. The difference in size at maturity may be related to the differences in water temperature during the main period of growth and maturation.

著者

Ota Kinya G. Kuratani Shigeru

出版者

社団法人日本動物学会

雑誌

Zoological science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.5, pp.403-418, 2006-05-25

被引用文献数

1 53

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Due to their curious phylogenetic position and anatomy, hagfishes have attracted the interest of zoologists, especially in the context of vertebrate evolution. Embryological information on these animals is now also needed in the field of evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-Devo), as it is expected to provide hints about the origin of vertebrate traits, whether the hagfishes are an in- or outgroup of vertebrates. This review summarizes the importance of hagfish embryology from a phylogenetic perspective, and the history of attempts to obtain hagfish eggs and embryos. Clearly, the main difficulty associated with these animals is their deep-sea habitat. To circumvent this problem, this review also discusses the future prospects for obtaining embryological material, both from the wild and in the laboratory.

著者

Kurihara Takeo Shikatani Mayu Nakayama Kouji Nishida Mutsumi

出版者

Zoological Society of Japan

雑誌

Zoological Science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.11, pp.999-1008, 2006-11

被引用文献数

11

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In many benthic organisms with a planktonic larval stage, local populations have different morphology. Such difference may arise from some of the following proximate mechanisms. “Local recruitment (LR)”: no larvae move between local populations, and segregated populations possess alleles coding for locally adaptive morphology. “Intragenerational selection (IS)”: larvae move between local populations, and individuals with alleles for locally adaptive morphology survive after recruitment. “Phenotypic plasticity (PP)”: larvae move between local populations and show phenotypic plasticity to adapt to a locality after recruitment. We examined which mechanism explains our finding that a planktonic developer Turbo coronatus coronatus (Gastropoda) had significantly longer spines on its shell on more exposed shores at scales of < 2 km. Experiments at Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, showed the following results. (a) Shorter- and longer-spined populations occurring within 2 km showed non-significant ϕ low st values (−0.0040 to 0.00095) for the mitochondrial DNA COI region. This suggests no segregation of the local populations, supporting the mechanisms IS and PP. (b) T. c. coronatus generated significantly longer spines 70 days after being transplanted to the habitat of a longer-spined population, supporting IS and PP. (c) Individuals caged in the sea for 79 days generated longer spines than individuals in the laboratory, supporting PP. In conclusion, shore-specific morphology of T. c. coronatus arises most likely from phenotypic plasticity and possibly from intragenerational selection.

著者

Matsui Masafumi Nishikawa Kanto Misawa Yasuchika Tanabe Shingo

出版者

Zoological Society of Japan

雑誌

Zoological Science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.24, no.7, pp.746-751, 2007-07

被引用文献数

5

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We conducted an electrophoretic survey to examine systematic relationships of a lotic-breeding salamander Hynobius okiensis endemic to Dogo Island of the Oki Islands, Japan, with several lentic and lotic-breeding Japanese species. Genetically H. okiensis with 2n=56 chromosomes was closer to the lentic-breeding H. nebulosus group (H. nebulosus and H. dunni) with the same chromosome number than to the lotic-breeding H. naevius group (H. naevius and H. kimurae) and H. boulengeriwith 58 chromosomes. Chromosome number reduction from 58 to 56, possibly accompanied with a change in breeding environment from streams to still waters, is estimated to have first occurred in the nebulosus group of Hynobius. A reversal only in breeding habits then seems to have followed in steep, montane environments of the small island of Dogo, resulting in the speciation of H. okiensis.

著者

Kawada Shin-ichiro Harada Masashi Obara Yoshitaka Kobayashi Shuji Koyasu Kazuhiro Oda Sen-ichi

出版者

社団法人日本動物学会

雑誌

Zoological science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.7, pp.1003-1010, 2001-09-20

被引用文献数

14 24

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A detailed analysis was done on the karyotypes of four species of mole in the genera Euroscaptor and Mogera using a G-banding technique. All four species examined had a chromosome number of 2n = 36, as reported previously. Euroscaptor mizura and M. wogura from Aichi Prefecture had almost the same chromosome constitution and G-banding patterns. These common karyotypes were considered to be equivalent to the hypothetical ancestral karyotype of Mogera, since two distinct genera derived from an ancestor share G-banding homologies. According to this hypothesis, the karyotype of M. imaizumii might have been derived from the ancestral karyotype through pericentric inversion in one pair of acrocentrics, chromosome 11. Two geographically isolated populations of M. tokudae had different karyotypes : the Echigo population had the same karyotype as M. imaizumii, whereas the Sado population had a derivative karyotype that was able to be explained by pericentric inversions in three pairs of acrocentrics, remaining chromosome 11 as subtelocentric. Mogera wogura from South Korea differed considerably in terms of chromosome constitution from the Japanese population of M. wogura. However, we deduced that pericentric and paracentric inversions in four pairs of acrocentrics would explain the karyotype differences between the Japanese and Korean populations. Furthermore, from the morphology of chromosome 11, we can conclude that the Korean mole was derived from primitive M. wogura through four inversions, quite separately from the lineage of M. imaizumii and M. tokudae. Thus, inversion rearrangements appear to have played a major role in the chromosomal evolution of Japanese talpine moles.

著者

Sawada Isamu Koyasu Kazuhiro Shrestha Krishna Chandra

出版者

社団法人日本動物学会

雑誌

Zoological science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.1, pp.147-154, 1993-02-15

被引用文献数

2

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Two new species of the cestode parasite, Staphylocystis (Staphylocystis) kathmanduensis sp. nov. and S. (S.) trisuliensis sp. nov. are described from the house shrews, Suncus murinus of Kathmandu and Trisuli, respectively. The former is related to, but different from S. (S. ) delicata Sawada et Koyasu, 1991 in the length and number of the rostellar hooks, and the size of the rostellum. The latter is related to, but different from S. (S. ) dsinezumi Sawada et Koyasu, 1990 in the rostellar hooks. The house shrew, Suncus murinus, one kind of the commensal mammals, are widly distributed in Asia and are found infected with a great number of different cestodes. The difference between the two cestode species infecting Suncus murinus collected respectively at Kathamandu and Trisuli is discussed according to the hosts's behavior patterns.

著者

Harada Masashi Ando Akiro Tsuchiya Kimiyuki Koyasu Kazuhiro

出版者

社団法人日本動物学会

雑誌

Zoological science (ISSN:02890003)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.3, pp.433-442, 2001-04-10

被引用文献数

4 19

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Karyotypes of the greater Japanese shrew-mole, Urotrichus talpoides (Talpidae), collected from 57 localities in Japan were studied by conventional, G- and C-band staining techniques to elucidate geographical chromosomal variations, the mechanism of changes in chromosomes, and the distribution patterns of karyotypic races. Shrew-mole samples examined could be divided geographically into two slightly divergent chromosomal forms designated as the western and eastern races. These two karyotypic races had the same diploid number (34) and fundamental number (64), but they had autosomes with different makeups. A comparison of conventional karyotypes showed a distinct intraspecific variation in shape of autosomal pair no. 14 which was classified as subtelocentric in the western race and as metacentric in the eastern race. G- and C-banding analyses revealed that karyotypic variation found in no. 14 pair was involved in pericentric inversion and quantitative changes in constitutive heterochromatin. Intraspecific and geographical variation in chromosomes caused by such karyological events is rare and unique among members of the family Talpidae examined so far. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the clear boundary between the two parapatric karyotypic races was actually located along the Kurobe-Fuji line in the central part of Honshu, but not along the Owari-Tsuruga isthmian line previously postulated by Tsuchiya (1987,1988). Zoogeographical implications of the boundary of parapatric distribution in U. talpoides are also discussed.