著者

橡川 一朗

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.4, pp.56-62, 1959

著者

沢井 実

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.32-50, 1982-10-20 (Released:2017-11-30)

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The purpose of this paper is to make clear the development of the Japanese machine tool industry from 1930 to 1937. The previous studies have pointed out the dependence on war production and the vulnerability of the machine tool industry as its characteristics. They have not done studies that analysed the market structure and the vulnerable production structure in connection with the increase of heavy industries. The rapid expansion of the market and the production of various types of machine tool capitals in response to it are, therefore, to be examined. In spite of the fact that the start of the expansion of the market in the 1930s was based on the increase of munitions industries, two demand groups sustained the expansion ever afterwards. Army and naval munitions works, automobiles, aircrafts, and big enterprises in the electrical equipment industry constituted one group which needed the diversification of high-grade machine tools. Another was industries relating to the export such as textile machinery, bicycles and the machine tool industry itself. Large, medium-scale builders and some local ones had mainly the former markets and they had developed in size by 1937 showing a technical progress. Growth of some local builders into the medium-scale ones made clear the stratification among the local capitals. Large-scale builders chose small equipment investment in comparison with the tempo of the increase of demand. Economic lessons from the long depression in the 1920s caused the negative investment. By means of the development of subcontracting and mass employment of low-wage workers, the large-scale builders tried to respond the market expansion. The increase of technical level in the large, medium-scale builders was gradual because of their supplementary relationships to imported machines; the core of plants occupied by the imported machines, the fringe by the domestic. The domestic machines, consequently, could not satisfy the demand in both quantity and quality, resulting in the rapid increase of the import. This was accelerated by the sale competition among the European and American builders, exporters who suffered from the depression in the world market. There were great many small-scale builders whose products remained to be very cheap, while the vulnerability of large, medium-scale builders and some local ones were newly actualized in the course of the development of heavy industries. Users for cheap machines were small and petty factories, not having had to be aware of low ability of using machines, that made machinery, instruments and its parts. The weight of small-scale builders in the total production value of machine tools was diminishing, although they were followed by the new entry.

著者

守屋 典郎

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.75-77, 1972-10-20 (Released:2017-10-30)

著者

山之内 靖

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.4, pp.62-66, 1985-07-20 (Released:2017-11-30)

著者

湯浅 赳男

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.3, pp.1-16, 1966

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In the middle of the eighteenth century, France was defeated in the commercial war in world market by England because of the overwhelming inferiority of hers national productivity. This fact gave an severe impact to the ruling class in France and forced it to try a reform of the socio-economic system of the Kingdom in order to elevate industrial potentiality. For example, Bertin, minister of Louis XV, endeavoured to realise a modernisation of feudal agrarian system, namely, division of commons, abolition of open field system, free trade of corn etc.. The establishment of the Creusot, a big modern iron foundry, in Middle France was an important part of this ambitious policy, too. At that time, the iron industry in this country was technically so traditional that it had no capacity to adapt itself to the immense demand of the new policy. For it depended exclusively upon charcoal and waterpower yet. Therefore, De Wendel, a famous noble manufacturer, planned to construct a factory of new model whose technology was imported from England, where coaks and steam-engine were made use of. Of course, this enterprise needed big money ; then several financiers were syndicated. Nevertheless, it necessitated too enormous a capital for them to provide all. Accordingly they demanded the aid of the King. But Wendel's and his collaborators's efforts were rendered very difficult with the grave financial crisis in the pre-revolutionary period. At last they was obliged to establish this enterprise as a joint-stock company that was novel in this field. As it was explaned above, the Creusot was built in accordance with a modern model in technological and financial forms. But when we analyse it radically from the point of view of comparative economic history, it is clear that the social meaning of this establishment is found in the self-reform of the absolute monarchy and the feudal ruling class in order to maintain their domination. Hence, it was overdowned in the highest stage of the revolutionary process.

著者

禹 宗杬

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.18-33, 1998-10-20 (Released:2017-12-30)

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of the introduction and transformation of wages based on position classification in Japan National Railways paying special attention to the interrelation of status/position/ability. From the point of view of the labor behavior, the main points described are as follows: Labor of JNR tried to introduce wages based on position classification to liberate themselves from the old status-based system. Under democratization, a new consciousness of the importance of ability and changes in the labor market facilitated this new approach. Labor was able to accomplish the abolition of the status-based system considerably through the introduction of job evaluation and job classification. In addition labor succeeded in lowering the upper limit of job promotion, which was influenced by their strong interests in acquiring direction responsibilities. However the wages based on position classification brought about limitations on seniority-based wages. In the face of this reverse effect, labor changed its wage position. In fact labor abandoned the wages attached to a job structure and reverted back to the wages attached to a man structure again. To justify the wages attached to a man structure which in the past had been connected with status, nevertheless, it was indispensable to re-interpret the meaning of experience/seniority in a new way. Labor solved this problem by changing the interpretation of experience/seniority into one of ability.

著者

伴野 泰弘

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.41, no.1, pp.54-56, 1998-10-20 (Released:2017-12-30)

著者

高嶋 雅明

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.4, pp.35-50, 1972

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It is one of the important subjects of research to see how the emigration of the Japanese people and the advance of our Government, Armed Forces and Monopolists into foreign territories were interrelated to make up the whole body of the Japanese imperialistic, invasion in the early decades of this century. I tried in the following study to approach this problem by making clear the relation・・・・・・mainly in trade・・・・・・between Japan and the Vladivostok districts which had a great deal to do with the so-called "Manchuria, Mongol and the Russian Far East." By examining the nature of the trade and by analyzing the business management of the representative Japanese financial agencies in the Vladivostok districts, I tried to elucidate the historical fact that these agencies were founded one after another just in accordance with the various stages of the development of trade between Japan and Vladivostok. Some of the conclusions reached are as follows : (1) The Japan-Vladivostok trade before the Russo-Japanese War was limited mainly to the supply of materials needed for the maintenace of the functions of Vladivostok Harbor and to the small transactions with the Japanese emigrant workers ; consequently the financial business was carried out only by the small branches of private firms, for example, Vladivostok Sugiura Bank. (2) In time, however, the trade came to be centered upon Manchurian beans, and the increase of exchange transactions with various parts of the world made it imperative for modern financial establishments to found their branches in Vladivostok. Vladivostok Matsuda Bank ・・・ an overseas branch of Juhachi Bank, a provincial bank with its main office in Nagasaki ・・・ put its small capital and the deposits of the Chinese and Korean merchants into the selling and buying of foreign bills addressed to London, Yokohama and Osaka in connection with Vladivostok trade. (3) Finally big businesses began to take into their hands the trade of Manchurian beans and they came to take notice of the political and economic significance of "Manchuria, Mongol and the Russian Far East", and thus Vladivostok Harbor was regarded as an important outpost for their purpose; hence the advance of Yokohama Specie Bank and Korean Bank into these districts. And these special banks made the way clear for a financial rule over Manchuria by the Japanese imperialists.

著者

山之内 靖

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.1, pp.57-70, 1968

著者

杉山 清

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.2, pp.73-76, 1994-01-20 (Released:2017-12-30)

著者

加用 信文

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.4, pp.1-14, 1979-07-20 (Released:2017-11-30)

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In the beginning of the nineteenth century, Robert Owen marked an outstanding success as a cotton spinner while at the same time he gained fame as a humane factory reformer and a pioneer of educator. With the termination of the Napoleonic War in 1815, enormous industrial productivity that was achieved by the British Industrial Revolution immediately created over-production and excessive, unemployment. The working class was, thus, reduced to poverty and the relief of the manufacturing poor surfaced as a critical social problem. It was at this juncture that Owen arrived at the socialistic ideology of the "village of co-operation". Owen considered that the flooding unemployment due to over-production and the poverty of the working class were produced by the enormous industrial productivity which was left to work under the principle of gain that is inherent in capitalism per se. This thinking leads him to consider the total abolishment of capitalism by the establishment of and the gradual development of the so-called "village of co-operation", which has controlled production and expenditure, in order to harness the enormous industrial productivity to meet social demand. The "village of co-operation" is a self-sufficient community based on agriculture and supported by manufacture where members work together and share the expenditure. According to his plan the community is formed of a unit of 1,200 persons. At the centre of the lot there are public buildings which are divided into parallelograms, facilities and gardens that are necessary for enjoying pleasant community life. Beyond these there are mechanical factories and corn-mills and around these there are 1,200 acres of arable land. Men would cultivate land and between farming activities they would engage in manufacturing and other required tasks. Here, the cultivated land is mainly used for production of staple crops, but spade cultivation instead of cultivation by the plough is advocated. In Europe, spade had been used as a tool for cultivating hoed-crops such as garden vegetables, vis-a-vis plough for cultivating corn on arable land. The secret of Owen's "village of co-operation" may be found in the use of this tool to raise corn on arable land so to absorb maximum labour on the existing arable land and consequently look for a harmonious balance in population, food and employment.

著者

大塚 久雄

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.4, pp.56-67, 1967-07-20 (Released:2017-09-30)

著者

浜林 正夫

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.3, pp.67-68, 1998

著者

白木沢 旭児

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.1, pp.18-32, 1993-10-20 (Released:2017-12-30)

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The purpose of this paper is the examination of export control and import control, which intend to keep the balance of trade by means of increase of the trade. I attempt to research into Japanese wool industry for the purpose of making clear why this control of export and import failed. The wool spinning industry and the woolen textile industry succeeded in import substitution in the latter 1920's. The part of the woolen textile was exported in 1930's. But the profits of wool industry companies were subject to wide fluctuations. Because these companies desperately competed and they depended on Australian wool greatly. The cartel, Japanese Wool Industry Association reduced operation frequently. But the opposition between companies specializing in woolen yarn and companies pursuing woolen textile was hard, so that Japanese Wool Industry Association could not control the prices of wool yarn. The consul residing in South Africa Federation sujested to buy South African wool in order to keep the balance of trade between Japan and South Africa Federation. The purchase of South African wool coincided with the request of Japanese export industries. They compensated comparatively high-priced wool of South Africa. They commended the purchase of South African wool as the regulation of imbalance of trade. But wool industry took part in the purchase charged little margin. When the dispute between Australia and Japan was occured in 1936, wool industry controled import of wool and stopped dependence on Australian wool. On the other hand, they intended to keep the share of each company. The operation of the Commerce Protection Act had no effect. When the dispute between Australia and Japan was over, the excess of imports became clear in Japan. It is impossible to keep the balance of trade by means of increase of the import from other countries. The trade control for the purpose of magnification and balance of trade came to the end, the raw materials policy turned from diversification of suppliers into self-sufficiency.

著者

山田 盛太郎

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, no.1, pp.1-2, 1958

著者

原 朗

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.3, pp.1-28, 1976

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本稿は1974年度本学会秋季学術大会共通論題「1930年代における日本帝国主義の植民地問題」の報告原稿である.統計資料の一部を削除し注を付したほか論旨内容には変更を加えていない.なお,本共通論題は本号所掲の小林報告・高橋報告との三報告で編成された.その際,本稿は総括的に「大東亜共栄圏」全域の経済構造につきさしあたり流通過程の側から概観する役割を与えられており,小林報告は「大東亜共栄圏」の中核をなす「日満華北経済ブロック」に限定して生産過程に立入った分析を行なうものとされた.主として日本帝国主義の側から問題点を検討する本稿と,植民地・占領他の側により重点をおいた小林報告との両者をあわせて問題の全体像への接近が試みられる.両報告で十分に取上げえなかった農業・土地問題については,さらに対象地域を限定して日本農業と植民地「満州」との相互関連につき農業移民問題を通じて追求した高橋報告により論点の所在を解明する.本共通論題の構成にあたって留意された点はほぼ以上の如きものであった.三報告の作成にあたっては,満州史研究会・満州移民史研究会の会員諸兄から数多くのご教示をえた.報告者三名を代表し深く感謝の意を表したい.

著者

是永 純弘

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.3, pp.35-44, 1966-04-20 (Released:2017-09-30)

著者

矢吹 満男

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.1, pp.1-24, 1976-10-20 (Released:2017-10-30)

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Lenin's theoretical activities may be conveniently subdivided into the three periods as follows : 1893-1914, 1914-1917, 1917-1924. The epochal works of the first period are "The Development of Capitalism in Russia", "The Agrarian Program of Social Democrats in the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907", and the basic subject for debate there is above all the special agrarian question in Russia which does't still complete the process of cleaning out the mediaeval forms of land ownership. In the second peroid Lenin is absorbed in the study on Imperialism which was begun simultaneously with the outbreak of the First World War. From the standpoint of elucidating Lenin's definition of "military and feudal imperialism", this article endeavours to make clear the theoretical connection between the first and the second period, in other words, the theory of "two paths" of the development of capitalism in the agriculture and the theory of Imperialism. Therefore, this article is divided into three parts. The first part makes clear the historical premise of military and feudal imperialism, taking the focus to the Stolypin policy, which was the answer of the tsarist regime to the events of 1905, and the theory of "two paths". In consequence of the failure of this policy, which aimed at the transition to bourgeois monarchy, tsarist Russia rushed headlong into the First World War, without completing the tasks of the bourgeois-democratic revolution. In the second part we place such tsarist Russia in the imperialistic connection of world, and endeavour to make clear the concept of military and feudal imperialism. In the third part, we explain the significance of the change of Lenin's views in his famous April Theses, in connection with transition from monopoly capitalism to state monopoly capitalism.

著者

古川 哲

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, no.2, pp.1-24, 1969-01-20 (Released:2017-10-30)

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This treatise is intended to assess the present dollar crisis in connection with the general crisis of capitalism and, at the same time, to analyze various characteristic features of the form of movement of new contradictions that changes in the form of the economic crisis has brought about since the Second World War. In the introductory chapter, it is argued that at the stage of free-competition capitalism of the 19th century, the world market crises fully played the function of uniformly resolving contradictions that accompanied the development of capitalism and thereby restoring the lost equilibrium. Following the establishment of monopoly capitalism, however, it is stated, the mechanism of resolving, automatically and within the framework of economy itself, the contradictions of capitalism as it developed, was lost with the result that different types of business cycles emerged, the development of economy became uneven from country to country, changes in the pattern of the crisis and the cycle appeared, and, on top of all this, the political crisis-the world war, in particular-was now inevitable. This is a manifestation of the fact that capitalism has gone through the stage of its development and entered the stage of its extinction or the stage of a crisis engulfing its entire system. The first chapter is devoted to an analysis of fundamental contradictions of the present international monetary system (International Monetary Fund system). This system is, it is argued, a reserve system of dollar exchange as inconvertible paper money, erected on the basis of control for gold price. It is clarified, then, that this unprecedented system has the following new contradictions : (1) The demand for the adjustment of exchange rates between various countries is unavoidably raised "periodically" and "in explosive forms." (2) The preference for gold or the goods purchasing hysteria has to grow strong as if it were a "law" or a "trend." And it must be stated that the IMF system is created as the highest, final form of intervention in economy and of management of currencies under global rule by imperialism and, consequently, that the system's crisis and disintegrating process will lead to a change in the mechanism of postwar development of capitalism and bring about a further deepening of the general crisis of the capitalist system. The third and fourth chapters are designed to analyze the differences between the movement of postwar world capitalism and that of prewar world capitalism in fuller details. Particularly, they are intended to show that the high-rate growth of world economy was sustained by the system of cold-war confrontation and the system of cold-war scattering of dollars but that such a mechanism has now reached the limit. While the prosperity following the First World War was a creation by excess capital in dollars that flowed out of the U.S. and via Europe back to the U.S. again. The development of economy following the Second World War was possible on the basis of cold-war scattering of dollars that flowed out of the U.S., but never to return. It was a peculiar development stemming from the cold-war, the world-wide control of economy and the "unity of terror" among the advanced countries. In other words, it has formed a political and economic crisiscycle the system's disintegrating process, starting with the Korean War and ending with the Vietnam War. Besides, the continuous inflation of postwar economy, accompanied as it is by a high-rate growth, has been daily undermining the holiness of private property while realizing full employment. This, in turn, demolishes the system of values and the principles of morality and order, on which capitalism rests, and thus creates conditions under which the masses of people indict State power day by day. If the social revolution could be argued as a world-crisis(View PDF for the rest of the abstract.)

著者

ブートリッシュ ロベール 赤羽 裕

出版者

土地制度史学会(現 政治経済学・経済史学会)

雑誌

土地制度史学 (ISSN:04933567)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.4, pp.68-76, 1967-07-20 (Released:2017-09-30)