著者

佐藤 千登勢

出版者

筑波大学人文社会科学研究科 国際地域研究専攻

雑誌

筑波大学地域研究 = Area studies Tsukuba (ISSN:09121412)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.57-70, 2018-03-31

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The food stamp program (also known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: SNAP) has been an integral part of American social welfare system since its inception in the 1960s. By providing food-purchasing assistance for low income families, it has saved millions of destitute people, especially children, from malnutrition and hunger. In the aftermath of the 2008 recession, the number of food stamp recipients has reached a record high and it has become the "last resort" safety net for those who lost jobs. Even after the U.S. economy regained the pre-recession level, more than 10% of the nation's population has been benefiting from the program. In recent years, this rapid expansion has made the food stamp program a target for criticism among budget-minded conservative Republicans and they have explored the possibility of cutting its benefits. However, since the food stamp program is administered by the Department of Agriculture under the Agricultural Act, in order to scale it down, critics have to confront various interests. Influential agricultural lobbies represent large-scale commercial farms and agribusiness. Food and beverage companies and retailers are also opposed to the cutbacks of food stamps. As a result, aside from minor budgetary changes, the food stamp program has not been changed to date. This article examines the recent controversy over the food stamp reform and explores the difficulties that conservative Republicans faced in Congress when they tried to remove food stamp program from the Agricultural Act of 2014. By focusing upon the debate in the 113th Congress, this article demonstrates that the food stamp program cannot be changed as long as conservative Republicans adhere to the principle of fiscal conservatism and fail to negotiate with agricultural and commercial interests which support the program.

著者

秋山 学 AKIYAMA Manabu

出版者

筑波大学人文社会科学研究科 国際地域研究専攻

雑誌

筑波大学地域研究 (ISSN:09121412)

巻号頁・発行日

no.39, pp.71-90, 2018

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Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) is chiefly known to us for its worldwide literary fame, and is generally considered to be characterized by its medieval view of the western world. However, when we pay attention to theological background of the Divine Comedy, especially of its Purgatory, we can recognize that the theological thought of Dante not only represents the medieval western world view, but also holds true in the Byzantine tradition, which has been maintained in the Greek Catholic Church in the Central Europe. We can explain this mystery if we take notice of the history of two Councils: in the Second Council of Lyon (1274), the same theological issues were discussed as in the later Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438-39). The issue of the "Purgatory" or the "Purifying Fire of the Purgatory" was already discussed in the Second Council of Lyon, and the delegates from the Byzantine Empire, which was ruled then by the emperor Michael Ⅷ Palaeologus (1261-82), reached an agreement on this issue. Although the agreement in the later Council of Ferrara-Florence was invalidated by the Orthodox Church soon after that Council, a minor party of the Eastern Church, chiefly found in the Central Europe (the Greek Catholic Church), was true to this agreement. So since we can find the same theological view both in Dante and in the Greek Catholic Church, we can surmise that Dante was acquainted with the issues discussed in the Second Council of Lyon. One of the chief leaders of the Greek delegates in the Council of Ferrara-Florence was (later) Cardinal Bessarion (1403-72). He donated main important manuscripts of the Greek Classics to the Library of Saint Mark in Venice, and these manuscripts have greatly benefited classical scholars. Thus, both the Greek Catholic Church and the Classical Studies have their origins from Bessarion. We can say that all of the endeavors of Bessarion for the union between the Western and the Eastern Churches were made for the purpose of revalidation of the agreement made in the Second Council of Lyon. So in these points of view, too, Dante will be counted as the "sixth" (Inf. 4,102) in the line of the divine poets starting from Homer, whose best manuscript (Venetus 454: "A" of the Iliad) is found in the Library of Saint Mark in Venice.

著者

HIRAISHI Noriko

出版者

筑波大学人文社会科学研究科 国際地域研究専攻

雑誌

筑波大学地域研究 (ISSN:09121412)

巻号頁・発行日

no.36, pp.127-138, 2015

著者

田中 洋子 Yoko TANAKA

出版者

筑波大学人文社会科学研究科 国際地域研究専攻

雑誌

筑波大学地域研究 (ISSN:09121412)

巻号頁・発行日

no.41, pp.9-29, 2020

著者

木村 武史 KIMURA Takeshi

出版者

筑波大学人文社会科学研究科 国際地域研究専攻

雑誌

筑波大学地域研究 (ISSN:09121412)

巻号頁・発行日

no.39, pp.39-56, 2018

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This paper attempts to examine the symbolic representation of Windigo, the cannibal monster, feared by the Algonquian people such as the Anishinabe and the Cree in the Northeastern North America. The first section introduces the topic. The second section, mainly based upon recent scholarly work by S. Smallman, reviews a history of the scholarly works on Windigo and presents the perspective to be taken for this paper. In the third section, it examines the historical changes of the Windigo images. As the historical phenomenon, the so-called Windigo Psychosis ceased to be reported by the end of the 19th century. The image of Windigo continues to be referred to by both the native people and the American-Canadian people. While this paper recognizes the contemporary native representation of Windigo as a proof of cultural creativity, it also sees historical changes in the religious perception of the image of Windigo with the recognition of etymological resemblance between the indigenous terms of owl and Windigo. In the fourth section, while admitting the importance of the moral interpretation of Windigo narrative, this paper tries to read the bodily experiential dimension as the location of religious fear of Windigo. Paying a special attention to the shamanistic narrative of Windigo, this paper attempts to read the religious meaning of personal transformation induced by the spiritual possession by Windigo.

著者

秋山 学

出版者

筑波大学人文社会科学研究科 国際地域研究専攻

雑誌

筑波大学地域研究 = Area studies Tsukuba (ISSN:09121412)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.71-90, 2018-03-31

---

Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) is chiefly known to us for its worldwide literary fame, and is generally considered to be characterized by its medieval view of the western world. However, when we pay attention to theological background of the Divine Comedy, especially of its Purgatory, we can recognize that the theological thought of Dante not only represents the medieval western world view, but also holds true in the Byzantine tradition, which has been maintained in the Greek Catholic Church in the Central Europe. We can explain this mystery if we take notice of the history of two Councils: in the Second Council of Lyon (1274), the same theological issues were discussed as in the later Council of Ferrara-Florence (1438-39). The issue of the "Purgatory" or the "Purifying Fire of the Purgatory" was already discussed in the Second Council of Lyon, and the delegates from the Byzantine Empire, which was ruled then by the emperor Michael Ⅷ Palaeologus (1261-82), reached an agreement on this issue. Although the agreement in the later Council of Ferrara-Florence was invalidated by the Orthodox Church soon after that Council, a minor party of the Eastern Church, chiefly found in the Central Europe (the Greek Catholic Church), was true to this agreement. So since we can find the same theological view both in Dante and in the Greek Catholic Church, we can surmise that Dante was acquainted with the issues discussed in the Second Council of Lyon. One of the chief leaders of the Greek delegates in the Council of Ferrara-Florence was (later) Cardinal Bessarion (1403-72). He donated main important manuscripts of the Greek Classics to the Library of Saint Mark in Venice, and these manuscripts have greatly benefited classical scholars. Thus, both the Greek Catholic Church and the Classical Studies have their origins from Bessarion. We can say that all of the endeavors of Bessarion for the union between the Western and the Eastern Churches were made for the purpose of revalidation of the agreement made in the Second Council of Lyon. So in these points of view, too, Dante will be counted as the "sixth" (Inf. 4,102) in the line of the divine poets starting from Homer, whose best manuscript (Venetus 454: "A" of the Iliad) is found in the Library of Saint Mark in Venice.

著者

長谷川 拓也

出版者

筑波大学人文社会科学研究科 国際地域研究専攻

雑誌

筑波大学地域研究 = Area studies Tsukuba (ISSN:09121412)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.39, pp.1-19, 2018-03-31

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This article explores to what extent anti-corruption campaigns have leverage over local governments in Indonesia by examining the case of anti-corruption campaign in Padang, West Sumatra. This campaign galvanized across the country at one time when it succeeded to persuade prosecutors to investigate provincial local legislators on the suspicion of violation of government decree by adding various kinds of perquisites for them in the annual budget. The campaign became everyday topics of local people with the coverage of national and local newspapers. However in the long process of judicial trial up to the Supreme Court, all of the local legislators were acquitted. This article highlights various barriers this anti-corruption movement had faced: negative campaigns orchestrated by a radical religious group leader, collusive relationship between local politicians and newspapers, pressure from national parliament on the judgement of the court. But it also highlights the resiliency of civic movement in this province. Next-generation of anti-corruption activists have already emerged to pursue the same career path of the first-generation activists after democratization.

著者

山下 悠貴乃

出版者

筑波大学人文社会科学研究科 国際地域研究専攻

雑誌

筑波大学地域研究 = Area studies Tsukuba (ISSN:09121412)

巻号頁・発行日

no.38, pp.127-138, 2017-03-31

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'Toka' is a method originally used to show examples in the form '~toka~toka' to connect nouns and predicates in parallel. However, 'toka' is used in a different way to express one element showing either ambiguity or emphasis. Previous research on the use of 'toka' in interpersonal communications consideration in the ambiguous way have been conducted but there have not been adequate research regarding its use as an emphasis method in interpersonal communications. This research, as a research in expressions of consideration aims to study how has the word 'toka' come to acquire this method of usage in interpersonal communications. We used corpora of materials we collected and extracted 8 examples on the usage of “toka” and its functions in interpersonal communications in regard to both the speaker and the listener. After classifying the usage of 'toka', we analyzed its functions in interpersonal communications based on the origins of the expression of consideration.The result of the analysis has allowed us to understand the characteristics on how the mechanisms of 'toka' work in interpersonal communications. As for the ambiguity method, this method occurs in the volition of the listener and it is used as a word to have the listener carry out a certain action, so that it works as an expression method which fulfills the fact of 'say something to place the burden on the listener' which is the origin of expression of consideration. In contrast, the emphasis method is rather dependent on the context. It is used as a verbal behavior for some kind of evaluation/ Moreover, it works as an expression of consideration.