著者

Jeong-Yoo KIM

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.95-106, 2010-03-31 (Released:2010-10-03)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1 4

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I consider the issue of optimal targeting in information diffusion networks. The initial information possessor is to target a single node so as to diffuse the information to all other nodes most effectively. For the purpose, the concept of closeness centrality may be useful, but if the value from delayed information is discounted by a discount factor, the concept should be properly modified. With this respect, I propose a modified concept of closeness centrality which I will call δ-(closeness)-centrality. The δ-centrality of a node is defined by the sum of discounted values generated from information transmission starting from the node given discount factor δ. Some advantages of δ-centrality over the closeness centrality are discussed.

著者

Masaki TOMOCHI

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.25, no.1, pp.19-29, 2010-03-31 (Released:2010-10-03)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

1

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The “small-world experiments” by Milgram et al. and the “β model” of small-world networks by Watts et al. are reviewed. Based on the criticism on the “small-world problem” provided by Kleinfeld, a model of a large-scale acquaintance network is constructed under the assumption that the stratified attributes of the nodes affect network formation. The model possesses a feature of self-similarity where connection of several local small-world networks forms a nested small-world network in global.

著者

高田 洋

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.19-37, 2008

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民主主義年齢を重ねた国々においては、どの国においても投票率の低下という現象が生じている。投票率の低下は、民主主義の危機のように論じられることがあるが、それはその国がどのような社会的条件にあるかによる。民主主義にとっては、そのときの政治的状況に即座に反応する投票行動ではなく、継続される投票態度の方が重要である。投票態度がどのように備わるかについて、(1)個人の社会経済的背景、(2)個人に内面化された民主的な意識、(3)社会政治的なマクロ状況の3つの要因による因果モデルを分析する。また、積極的な投票態度を持っていない人びとは社会調査に回答しにくいというバイアスを評価するためTobitモデルのHeckman推定法によってこの因果モデルを分析する。日本の2005年のデータを用いた分析の結果、次のことが明らかとなった。(1)学歴や文化資本は、反権威主義的および多元主義的意識を高めるが、この2つの意識は投票態度に直接の影響を持たない。(2)若年期に経験した高度経済成長は、非自己中心的な社会参加を促し、積極的な投票態度を形成させる。(3)若年期の経済成長が大きいほど反功利主義的人間観になるが、これは投票態度に直接の効果を持たない。(4)階層的地位は投票態度に直接の積極的な影響を与える。現代日本においては、反権威主義や多元主義が投票態度と直接には結びつかなくなる一方、経済成長の停滞は、自己中心主義または少ない社会参加を通じて、消極的な投票態度を導く。

著者

篠木 幹子 木村 邦博

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.1, pp.49-70, 2007 (Released:2007-08-03)

参考文献数

53

被引用文献数

1

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In Kimura and Shinoki (2007), after criticizing Diekmann and Preisendörfer's (1998; 2003) argument on the cognitive strategies to harmonize the discrepancy between attitudes and behaviors, we constructed a two-stage model of decision-making (rational choice) and justification (cognitive dissonance reduction) in a potential “social dilemma” situation, focusing on the problem of recycling. We deduced several propositions from our model and translated some of them into falsifiable predictions. In this paper, we analyze data from a social survey conducted in Sendai, Japan, in order to test these predictions: (1) On average, contributors' estimate of others' contribution is greater than non-contributors' estimate of others' contribution (the “false consensus effect”); (2) The proportion of the contributors who think that their marginal contribution plays a significant role in the well-functioning of the recycling system is greater than that of the non-contributors who think that their marginal contribution plays a significant role in the well-functioning of the recycling system; (3) On average, the normative consciousness concerning environmental problems is stronger among contributors than among non-contributors. We find that our predictions are almost supported. We also conduct a “critical experiment” in the natural settings on the mechanisms for the false consensus effect. The result reveals that our model is better than the selective exposure hypothesis in explaining it. We examine some possible objections to our model in order to consider what kind of research we need and to clarify the policy implication of our model.

著者

Arinori YOSANO Nahoko HAYASHI

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.27-44, 2005 (Released:2007-07-06)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

2

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In this paper, we focused on trust as one of the factors of social capital, and examined its generating processes by comparing two main theoretical approaches of trust — the Emancipation Theory of Trust and the Reduction Approach. The former theory states that creation of general trust will be undermined when commitment relations with specific others are strong, whereas the latter approach states that strength of commitment relations with specific others provides the basis for nurturing general trust. First we examined the relationship between city size (supposedly an indicator of the strength of committed relations) and the level of general trust using data from two social surveys conducted in Japan. The result of the analysis showed no correlation between city size and the level of general trust. Then we performed structural equation modeling to explore the relationships between a wider variety of capitals, social resources and general trust. The results of the analyses show that general trust is nurtured when it is based on relations of trust with specific people. In other words, the result is diametrically opposed to the Emancipation Theory of Trust in that it implies that placing a high priority on existing relationships with people fosters accumulation of general trust and therefore of social capital.

著者

Nahoko HAYASHI Arinori YOSANO

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.59-80, 2005 (Released:2007-07-06)

参考文献数

20

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In this paper, we discuss one of the major factors in social capital, the issue of trust, in terms of detection of trustworthiness of others. Yamagishi's Emancipation Theory of Trust concluded that high trusters, or people who have a high level of general trustfulness toward others, have social intelligence to accurately detect the general character of others. Kikuchi, Watanabe, and Yamagishi's Detection Experiment provided the empirical basis of such a conclusion. However, the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) Game adopted in the Detection Experiment did not necessarily use appropriate alternatives of behaviors for participants as indicators of the general characters of people. Consequently, the results from the experiment are not appropriate for reviewing the ability to “detect a particular person's general character.” In order to overcome such problems and to measure the ability to detect a person's trustworthiness more appropriately, we conducted a laboratory experiment by adopting the game of enthronement. After a series of analyses, we could not confirm such a relationship between trustfulness and the ability to detect trustworthiness as discussed in a series of studies by Yamagishi. On the other hand, after reviewing the relationship between breadth of beliefs about others and the ability to detect trustworthiness of others based on Kelley and Stahelski's Triangle Hypothesis in a traditional PD game study, we could confirm that it is a person's assumptions or beliefs about internalization of social norms by others that determine the accuracy of his/her ability to detect trustworthiness of others.

著者

Kazuharu TSUZUKI

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.81-95, 2005 (Released:2007-07-06)

参考文献数

22

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For the last two decades, there has been a growing argument that “social capital” derived from human relationships has an influence on various aspects of social phenomena. In many such studies, it is pointed out that social capital has two aspects social relationships as “network” and “trust” associated with such relationships. However, there has been a tendency for them to be discussed separately and they have not been integrated into one concept of social capital.In this paper, we would like to define the ‘tie’ of human relationships and ‘strength of tie’ among the component concepts of social capital in a formal manner, and try to define the ‘trust’ mechanism as a function that maps ‘one's act counting on other people's actions’ into its feasibility. We will then explore the empirical credibility of such formalization by analyzing survey data.In the following two sections, we will make clear related problems. First, we try to distinguish the ‘feasibility of one's acts which count on other people's actions’ from the probability of other people's action. In our view, one will never calculate an expected utility using the probability of other people's actions in everyday life. He/she will only judge whether his/her act counting on other people's actions is feasible or not. In the next section, we will distinguish the ‘trust’ mechanism from the ‘confidence’ mechanism according to Luhmann. We see their difference as a difference in domain of feasibility that each mechanism concerns.

著者

Jacob Dijkstra Marcel A.L.M Van Assen

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.279-294, 2006-09-30 (Released:2007-08-02)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1

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This paper is an exploration of the effects of externalities in exchange networks. Externalities of exchange arise when an exchange has direct consequences for the payoffs of actors who do not take part in the exchange. An experiment was conducted, employing the exclusively connected Line3 network, with two conditions; exchange with externalities, and exchange without. Externalities had a weak effect on partner selection, and a strong effect on the exchange rate. The results confirmed our predictions derived with an adaptation of core theory.

著者

Robert D. Mare Christine R. Schwartz

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.253-278, 2006-09-30 (Released:2007-08-02)

参考文献数

45

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The demographic behaviors of one generation, including marriage, divorce, fertility, and survival, create the population of families in which the next generation of children is raised. Assortative mating between men and women with varying socioeconomic characteristics is a key mechanism in establishing the families of the next generation, but differential fertility, child and parent survival, marital disruption, and parents’ socioeconomic mobility modify these marriage patterns. This article examines the demographic mechanisms through which family backgrounds are created. It presents the mathematical links between marriage patterns and the joint distribution of parents’ characteristics when their children are born and later in their lives. It illustrates these relationships using data on educational assortative mating, fertility, and mortality in the United States. Although the educational attainments of husbands and wives are strongly associated, patterns of differential fertility reinforce this relationship, resulting in an even stronger association between the educational attainments of mothers and fathers.

著者

Michael Hout

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.237-252, 2006-09-30 (Released:2007-08-02)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

1

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The implications of maximally maintained inequality (MMI) and its alternative essentially maintained inequality (EMI) for inequality of educational opportunity within societies and over time in those societies are well-understood and frequently addressed in the literature. MMI and EMI may also have implications for cross-national differences. The ISSP “Social Inequality” module fielded 1999-2001 provides highly comparable data useful for assessing hypotheses about cross-national variation in inequality of educational opportunity. Patterns of inequality of educational opportunity in the ISSP data are consistent with MMI and EMI: the association between socioeconomic background and education falls as the proportion of the labor force with postsecondary education rises.

著者

Richard Breen

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.215-236, 2006 (Released:2007-08-02)

参考文献数

17

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Hypotheses about social fluidity in log-linear models of social mobility are hypotheses about patterns of odds ratios; yet odds ratios are only indirectly related to the interaction parameters of log-linear models. I propose rewriting such models so that the interaction parameters are equal to log odds ratios. This allows straightforward tests of difference and similarity between the odds ratios of different mobility tables. The approach is illustrated using three cross-nationally comparative data sets.

著者

Mizue OHE Nobuko IGAKI Ushio SUMITA

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.2, pp.157-176, 2005 (Released:2007-07-06)

参考文献数

13

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Parametric simulation models are developed for structural analysis of voting behaviors in public referendum. By decomposing the residents into eight groups, a mechanism is established to construct transition probability matrices defined on three states (0: Undecided; 1: YES; 2: NO) where individuals in one group have a common transition probability matrix but such matrices differ across different groups, thereby capturing behavioral patterns of the residents in forming their individual opinions toward the voting date. The underlying parameter values are identified in such a way that the voting results of eight real cases in Japan can be reproduced. The validity is tested through a mock public referendum. The parametric simulation approach proposed in this paper enables one to devise a strategy concerning how to transform the formation of the eight residential groups so as to achieve a target voting result.

著者

Kazuto MISUMI

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.1, pp.5-25, 2005 (Released:2007-07-06)

参考文献数

21

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Social capital works on whole networks and its process (chance of investment and return) is structured along with the configuration of them. However, in an ordinary survey design, it is quite difficult to locate respondents' personal networks on such macro configurations. Here we introduce a concept of whole-net base. It is as a shared attribute that indicates a latent whole network behind it. Keeping contact with a schoolmate, for example, indicates that the tie is a part of a whole network that consists of latently all graduates of the school. Under a question how social capital is built in the stratification process, we analyze a personal network data from the viewpoint of investment-return through various friends-net bases. The results show that; 1) the upper stratum invests and gets return more than the lower, especially on job-net and school-net bases that directly correspond to socio-economic status, however, 2) it is the lower stratum in which efficient investment (the tendency that more investment correspond to more return) is observed clearly, moreover, the observation is not limited to the specific whole-net base. These suggest a dynamic opportunity structure of social capital: while it reinforces the advantageous socio-economic positioning for the upper stratum, at the same time, it also makes their life chances greater for the lower stratum. However, we have to pay attention to those elder people in the lower of lower strata who do not have any access to social capital.

著者

岩井 八郎

出版者

Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology

雑誌

理論と方法 (ISSN:09131442)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.23, no.1, pp.139-141, 2008