著者

今泉 飛鳥

出版者

Business History Society of Japan

雑誌

経営史学 (ISSN:03869113)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.3, pp.3_31-3_56, 2010 (Released:2014-05-23)

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The purpose of this article is to observe the effects of land-use regulation on industrial agglomeration, focusing on the machinery industry in Tokyo, and to investigate the net outcome of the merits of industrial clustering and the land-use regulation.In Japan, city planning started in the 1920s. Zoning is one of the measures of city planning, which classified areas into those for residence, commerce, and industry. For manufacturers, it was restrictive in the sense that limits of factory size were imposed in the residential and commercial areas. In Tokyo City, there were six wards where machinery factories had been agglomerated for more than 20 years. Out of them, only two wards were designated as the industrial areas and most industrial areas located in counties surrounding Tokyo City. Consequently, many manufacturers resisted to the zoning, which made the government ease the regulation.Econometric analyses show that designation as residential, commercial and undecided areas, especially residential area, had a negative effect on the size of factory and the number of entries. On the other hand, despite of the negative effects of zoning, according to the documents which the manufacturers filed for petition, they hesitated to move to the counties outside Tokyo City. They complained that in the counties infrastructures were lacked and access to the labor market and supporting industries was difficult. These facts indicate that the merits of industrial clustering, especially the external economy, which Alfred Marshall emphasized, significantly affected the location decision of manufacturers in prewar Tokyo. As a result, zoning failed to expel factories from areas not for industry in Tokyo City.On the other hand, in the counties, unlike in Tokyo City, zoning succeeded to concentrate factories into the industrial areas, to some extent. That was because the start of zoning preceded the formation of clusters in counties.