著者

潮木 守一

出版者

日本教育社会学会

雑誌

教育社会学研究 (ISSN:03873145)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, pp.2-16, 1971-10-15

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In 1968, OECD published the statistics in the educational structure of labour forces, from which we can learn the occupational structure of the higher education graduates in sixteen countries. (1) The higher education qualified labour forces among the total labour forces show a ratio about 2 or 3% in most European countries, above 7% in Japan,10% in Canada, and 19% in U. S. A. The former can be called the lower educated societies, the latter the higher educated societies. (2) In the lower educated societies, above 70% of the higher education graduates are absorbed in the professional and technical occupations, while in the higher educated societies only 40-50% are absorbed in such occupational category. That is to say, the traditional privilege of higher education graduates has been lost in the higher educated societies and a considerable number are forced to seek their occupation in clerical, sales or manual jobs. (3) On the other hand, in higher educated societies the chances for the non-higher education graduates to get a professional or technical occupations have diminished considerablly. It means that the positions of the professional and technical occupations are exclusively monopolized by the higher education graduates. For instance, about 75% of the professional and technical occupations are taken by the higher education graduates in U. S. A., while it is about 30% in most European countries. (4) Thus the higher education in the higher educated societies has lost the privileged function to guarantee its graduates for the professional and technical occupations, but in the meanwhile the higher educational qualification has become a more and more neccessary prerequisite to get a professional or technical occupation. (5) Here appears the differentiation among the higher education graduates. Some of the graduates are engaged in the professional and the technical jobs, and others in the clerical, sales and manual jobs. This allocation seems to be due to the following factors. A. A vertical functional differentiation in the higher education. For example, the graduates of the graduate schools are likely to get professional and technical occupations and the graduates of universities or junior colleges are likely to be engaged in clerical, sales and manual jobs. B. A horizontal functional differentiation in study fields. For instance, graduates of law or technical faculties are engaged in professional and technical occupations, and graduates of other faculties, in clerical, sales and manual jobs. C. An informal differentiation between the high-ranked universities and colleges and low-ranked ones.