著者

小野 将

出版者

公益財団法人 史学会

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.102, no.6, pp.1135-1157,1265-, 1993

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The study of the Hayashi Family 林家 (also pronounced Rinke) and the Shoheiko 昌平黌 academy Neo-Confucian orthodox intellectuals under the Tokugawa Bakufu's direct control is indispensable to understanding the intellectual milieu of the period. However, the research literature of them especially for the latter part of the period, is still very small. In the present paper the author utilizes the new methodology developed recently by such scholar as Fujita Satoru, and conducts the first historical study on the previously unknown involvement of the Rinke in Bakufu-Court relations, in an attempt to illuminate their role played in state affairs from the Kansei era (i.e. during the 19th century) and their perception of politics. During the late Tokugawa period, high-ranking Bakufu officials often consulted Daigaku-no-Kami 大学頭, who was the head of the Rinke, concerning their negotiations with the Court in Kyoto. These officials usually adopted the advice as policy. Therefore, the position of the Rinke in Bakufu politics seems to have been much more important than it used to be during the earlier period. Due to its leadership in the compilation of state documents, the Rinke were considered to be experts in political precedents and decorum. This specialized knowledge and its interpretation functioned, and was in reality employed to answer the demands for rationale to legitimate the Bakufu's authority. For example, on the occasion of state ceremonies in which the Court bestowed titles (kan'i, kanshoku) on the shogun in 1827 and 1837, the Daigaku-no-Kami at the time, Hayashi Jussai 林述斎, took part in the preceding negotiations between the Bakufu and the Court. He not only outlined in detail the ritual forms to be performed, but also played a role in deciding what honorary titles the Court was to confer upon the shogun at that time. The author proves that Jussai fully understood the effectiveness of decorating the authority of the shogun with honorary titles, and was well aware of how to use traditions and institutions of ancient states past to supplement that authority. On the other hand, such protocol was also related to legitimizing the authority of the Court and strengthened the idea that the traditional authority prior to Tokugawa was still meaningful in the early modern state and politics, and thus resulted in the Bakufu's approval and promotion of its existence. The Rinke was also involved in many other things that symbolized the authority of the shogunate, and as such could be called ideologues who consciously attempted to supplement the authority of the shogun by manipulating a whole system of such symbols. In the process of creating the forms for representing the kind of authority the Rinke favored, what happened was a substitution of shogunal authority for very highly symbolized things, thus furthering a tendency already evident within the Bakufu to give great emphasis and respect to pomp and circumstance and build a state organization through the medium of such symbolized forms. The author draws the following conclusions. The interpretations offered by the Rinke contained highly political elements, and such intentions were actually approved by the Bakufu's high ranking officials. For this reason, the political character of the Rinke can no longer be ignored. Concrete examples of this process working to strengthen the authority of the Bakufu can be seen in the relations conducted between the Bakufu and the Court. The utilization by the Rinke of various traditions and symbols was a very important element to the ideological complex inherent to the Tokugawa state.