著者

岩淵 令治

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.193, pp.249-292, 2015-02

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近世後期には、公家の経済的困窮と需要層としての地方文人の展開による需給関係の成立、そしてその結果としてもたらされる「伝統」としての朝廷権威の浮上という重要な展開があった。雅楽についても、楽人組織が再興され、やがて上記の状況の中で、地方に雅楽が浸透していく。今日、無形文化財に指定された各地の神社の神事における舞楽についても、その維持や伝承過程を考える上で、近世の状況は看過することはできないであろう。こうしたいわば雅楽の普及において、楽人と人々をつなぐ重要な役割を果たしたものとして、本稿では楽器師に注目した。具体的には、京都の楽器師神田家をとりあげ、楽人の日記や地方文人の史料より、以下の点を明らかにした。①神田家は、楽人に職人・商人として出入し、これを基盤として公家、さらに一八世紀後半以降は恒常的に朝廷の保管する舞楽の道具の修理・新調を請け負った。さらに、近代に入ると、正倉院宝物の複製のほか、博覧会での雅楽器の展示など、明治の国民国家形成における国楽としての雅楽の再編や、「伝統」の再発見・輸出にかかわっていった。②こうした公家・朝廷への出入・御用関係を信用の源泉としながら、武家に出入するようになり、楽器の修理・購入や、楽人への入門を仲介した。さらに、神田家の顧客は地域を越えて各地の文人層におよび、彼らの楽人への入門の取次、楽器の供給と維持に大きな役割を果たした。なお、雅楽に限らず、公家の家職とその波及を考える際には、こうした道具にかかわる商人・職人が重要な存在だったと考える。③楽器の供給においては、とくに大名家を中心とする〝古楽器〟購入の仲介が注目される。その価格や鑑定について神田家の判断が大きく作用した。今日「伝統」を体現する〝古楽器〟は、江戸時代の楽器師によって「発見」されたものが少なくないといえる。In the late early modern era, there was a significant development in Japanese culture; the financial difficulties of Court nobles and the rise of provincial literati as consumers formed supply-demand relationships, leading to the restoration of the authority of the Imperial Court as a "tradition." The same went for Imperial Court music (gagaku), which spread to provinces as musician organizations were reviving. These movements in the early modern era are too important to ignore when examining the maintenance and transmission processes of Imperial Court music and dance performances (bugaku), which has now been designated as an intangible cultural asset and delivered in shrine ceremonies all over Japan.This article pays particular attention to musical instrument dealers, who played a critical role in the spread of Imperial Court music by connecting gagaku performers and other people. More specifically, this study focuses on the Kanda family, a musical instrument maker and dealer in Kyoto, and reveals the following three points by examining diaries of gagaku performers and documents of provincial literati.1. As craftsmen and merchants, the Kanda family often visited performers. Based on the relationships, the family expanded their customer base to include Court nobles, and by the late 18th century, they had become a regular trader to repair and replace the musical and dancing instruments held by the Imperial Court. In the modern era, they became involved in the reorganization of Imperial Court music as national music and the rediscovery and export of "tradition" during the nation state building process by the Meiji government, such as reproducing Shosoin treasures and displaying Imperial Court musical instruments at exhibitions.2. Then, based on the trust built through business relationships with the Imperial Court and Court nobles, the family established connections with samurai families to sell and repair musical instruments while acting as an intermediary to help their customers hire musicians as trainers. The family's customer base even included the literati class, throughout Japan regardless of location, for whom they played an important role. The family not only supplied and maintained musical instruments but also helped literati find musicians to learn from. This study considers that instrument craftsmen and merchants were essential for Court nobles to operate and expand their family businesses, which did not apply only to Imperial Court music.3. In relation to the supply of musical instruments, it is worth paying attention to the brokerage of period instruments, which were mainly sold to daimyo families. The appraisals and prices of such antiques were influenced by the opinions of the Kanda family. Many of period instruments that embody "tradition" in today's world were "discovered" by musical instrument dealers in the Edo period.