著者

井上 充幸

出版者

関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点(ICIS)

雑誌

東アジア文化交渉研究 (ISSN:18827748)

巻号頁・発行日

no.3, pp.475-488, 2010-03

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After the latter half of the 15th century, the deforestation of mountain became active in the northern frontier of Ming dynasty. Therefore, around the 16th century, Ming government prohibited the deforestation around Great Wall chiefly by military reasons. However, a lot of virgin forests have still extended at the northern foot of Qilian mountains in the upper reaches of Heihe river basin until about the 17th century. Tibetan and Mongolian people lived in this region from ancient times by nomadism, stock raising, hunting or farming. It was chiefly Han people who promoted the development and the use of timber resources. They came from Ganzhou in summer, cut down and carried away the forest woods in order to sell them. After the 18th century, under the rule of Qing dynasty, the full-scale deforestation of the Qilian mountains has begun in the upper reaches of Heihe river basin. Because the area of the forest reduced rapidly and the water-holding capacity of mountain forest decreased, the amount of water necessary for the irrigation agriculture came to be insufficient and the flood came to happen many times in the middle reaches. To deal with such a situation, the officials of Qing government understood the function of the mountain forest enough based on the field survey. They decided to make regulations concerning to the usage and the management of the mountain forest and severely punished the offender, but the effect was not so satisfactory.

著者

井上 充幸

出版者

東洋史研究會

雑誌

東洋史研究 (ISSN:03869059)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.59, no.1, pp.1-28, 2000-06

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Li Ri-hua, one of the typical intellectual in the late Ming, together with Dong Qi-chang 董其昌 were equally admired as connoisseurs of objets d'art and curios. Li's diary, Wei-Shui-Xuan Ri-Ji covers the years 37-44 of Wan-li 萬暦 (1609-1616), and by this we can observe his daily life in his hometown, Jia-xing 嘉興. This article attempts to examine the artistic taste of the intellectual and hence the cultural activities in those times by referring to the appreciations of arts like calligraphy, painting, ink slab, porcelain and all sorts of antiques described in this diary. Accordingly, appreciation and collection of objets d'art had originally been a personal taste of the intellectual, but had a vogue up to the late Ming. In those times, especially in the Jiang-nan region 江南, many collectors who flaunted their considerable collections of arts appeared. Xiang Yuan-bian 項元汴, his relative, Wang Ji-mei 王繼美 and his son, Wang Ke-yu 王砢玉 were typical ones. They had been living in Jia-xing for generations, and Li Ri-hua was able to appreciate many obiets d'art through companionship with them. With rapid economic development, the intellectual and even common people got absorbed in appreciation and collection of objets d'art in those days. As objets d'art became commodities and were widely traded, there was a sharp rise in demand for them, and their prices went up finally. At the same time, forgeries were produced in large quantities, so it became quite difficult to discriminate between the genuine and the fake. According to the diary, Li Ri-hua, as a famous connoisseur, was often asked to authenticate various objets d'art and curios and set prices for them. Besides, the article also discusses the relationship between "Shan-re" 山人 and the intellectual. "Shan-ren" were newly-risen intellectuals in the late Ming, who lived by their knowledge and skills and did not engage in any official position. "Wen-ren" 文人 had originally referred to the so-called "Shi-da-fu" 士大夫, but when some of the "Shan-ren" were regarded as the typical intellectual in the late Ming, the dividing line between the "Wen-ren" and the "Shan-ren" became ambiguous. Li Ri-hua was able to lay his academic foundation under the influence of the typical "Shan-ren" such as Zhou Lu-jing 周履靖 and Chen Ji-ru 陳繼儒 in those times. However, he had been trying to act as the most eminent intellectual without doing the job of making or appraising arts since he had become an official.