著者

伊達 一穂 大月 敏雄 志岐 祐一 堀内 啓佑

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.88, no.810, pp.2241-2249, 2023-08-01 (Released:2023-08-01)

参考文献数

11

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This study analyzed housing types called “jūtaku katashiki” and these supplied numbers to each housing estate to clarify the characteristics of housing design by type planning called “kata keikaku” of wooden row houses projects for rent by Dojunkai Foundation. The findings are as follows: 1) The housing types are 15. 2) The housing types supplied the earlier period were designed by each housing estate. The housing types of the latter period were standardized to types of two-unit by two-story and four-unit by two-story (separate households on the 1st and 2nd floors), and the "kata keikaku" method was established.

著者

堀内 啓佑 中江 研

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.776, pp.2233-2243, 2020 (Released:2020-10-30)

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The purpose of this paper is to reveal how discussions on national housing statistical surveys developed and how the results of these discussions were reflected in actual surveys in Japan.  A previous study revealed that national housing statistics in Japan were established by the "Housing survey of industrial cities" and the "Housing survey of larger cities" in 1941. Another study focused on discussions from 1939 to 1941 and revealed how these surveys were conducted.  This current study revealed the following:  (1) Importance of the 1930 national census and related discussions In 1923, the "Housing Problem Council" made up of people from the Department of Social Affairs of the Ministry of Interior, Tokyo City, Tokyo Prefecture, and other organizations was founded. The council set a goal to include a housing survey in the 1930 national census. In 1927, R. Nagaoka, the Director of the Department of Social Affairs and one of the members of the "Housing Problem Council" proposed to the Statistics Bureau of the Cabinet that the census include housing-related items. Between 1927 and 1929, the Statistics Bureau attempted to include several items in the national census. However, due to the lack of funds, only "number of rooms" was considered. In 1928, the "Housing Statistics Committee" was established at the Architectural Institute. In 1930, the committee submitted the "Proposal on housing-related items in the national census." It recommended including more housing・ related items only in cities with a population of 50,000 or more. However, this proposal was also not adopted. Previous studies have not considered the 1930 national census important because "number of rooms" did not provide valid data, given the structure of Japanese housing and the Japanese lifestyle. This current study revealed the importance of the 1930 national census in the process of conducting national housing statistical surveys in Japan because it has led to research and discussions related to methods and items.  (2) Continuity and change of discussions on national housing statistical surveys After the 1930 census, discussions on the national housing statistical surveys started again in 1939. The leading figures who led the 1923-30 discussions were R. Nagaoka, T. Sano, Y. Uchida, and Y. Nakamura. They also played an important role in conducting the "Housing survey of industrial cities" and the "Housing survey of larger cities." This means that the results of the discussions up to 1930 were reflected in the discussions after 1939. On the other hand, during this time, they were changing their policy on national housing statistical surveys. Their goal around 1928 was to obtain housing statistics in all parts of Japan. However, in the process of the execution of the 1930 national census, they learned that it was difficult to conduct it. Therefore, they changed their goal and aimed to conduct a survey that targeted urban housing only. In addition, after the start of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937, the survey was limited to houses located in "industrial cities" and "larger cities" because solving the housing shortages in these cities was a top priority in carrying out the war. This article revealed that the "Housing survey of industrial cities" and the "Housing survey of larger cities were not conducted based on short・term discussions during the war, but were conducted as a result of long-term discussions and a response to social conditions.

著者

堀内 啓佑 中江 研

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.758, pp.965-975, 2019 (Released:2019-04-30)

被引用文献数

1 1

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The Housing Policy Researching Committee of Dojunkai (HPRCD) researched the housing policies of Western countries from 1939 through 1940. It is important to show the process of its activities and the details of its research because Japanese wartime housing policy was drafted on the basis of the results of its activity. This paper’s originality derives from its focus not only on the HPRCD but also on preceding activity in Dojunkai.  The research division was founded in 1930 and “Research into the building and maintenance of small houses” began in 1934. Activities during the initial period did not focus on housing policy because Dojunkai was established to construct houses for survivors of the Great Kanto Earthquake. However, this improvement in the researching system was an underlying cause in the development of research regarding housing policy in Dojunkai.  “Research into the housing policies of Western countries” began as part of the “Research into the building and maintenance of small houses” in 1937. Research into Dojunkai systematically collected books about housing policies through embassies and translated them. By this time, S. Inui (Chief of the research division) was insisting that emergency measures should be drafted to deal with wartime conditions and that permanent measures should be drafted to establish the housing policies looking toward the postwar period. This was reflected in subsequent research.  In 1939, officials from the Department of Social Affairs of the Ministry of Health and Welfare started to draft measures to solve housing problems. The HPRCD was established in Dojunkai because the government did not have an organization capable of researching precedents in Western countries. Y. Kato, an official from the Department of Social Affairs, tried to draft a Rent Control Ordinance. He used the report from the HPRCD as a reference.At the end of 1939, the Division of Housing was established in the Department of Social Affairs to form a comprehensive housing policy. The HPRCD researched and drafted the Housing Act to realize it. In this way, the HPRCD contributed to legislation regarding housing in wartime.

著者

堀内 啓佑 中江 研

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会計画系論文集 (ISSN:13404210)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.746, pp.763-773, 2018 (Released:2018-04-30)

被引用文献数

2

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Japanese city fell into the housing shortage, which was caused by intensification of war during WWII. To deal with this situation, Division of Housing in Ministry of Health and Welfare held HMC (Housing Measures Committee) and drafted “The report of HMC”. Researches of the past pointed out its aspect of housing supply measures. On the other hand, HPRCD (Housing Policy Researching Committee of Dojunkai) tried to draft the Housing Act at the same time. It was drafted by four sections in HASRS (“Housing Act” Special Researcher Society), the research group of HPRCD that have researching themes as follows: Section 1 (Housing census), Section 2 (Housing standardization), Section 3 (Housing supervision) and Section 4 (Housing supply). This paper shows a process of formulation of “the report of HMC” and its significance in the history of Japanese housing policy by associating activity of HPRCD with “the report of HMC”. We reveal facts as follows; Officials of Division of Housing tried to hold Housing Policy Committee to establish housing policy that modelled after Western countries. They also took part in activities of HPRCD and intended to enact Housing Act as uniform law about housing. However, they could not hold Housing Policy Committee because of intensification of war. Actually, they had to follow political line that contributes to production expansion and solve housing shortage in areas of munitions factories and urban cities the highest priority. Given this situation, they decided to hold HMC and incorporate ideas gotten thorough research of HPRCD with “the report of HMC” “The report of HMC” was composed of as follows; (1) “Guideline to found Rented House Owner Association (tentative)” (2) “Guideline of special measures of housing supply” (3) “Guideline to found Housing Corporation (tentative)” (4) “Guideline of housing census” (5) “Several methods needed for carrying out housing measures”. The measures of (1), (2), (3) and (5) were drafted based on evaluation that was shown from the research by Section 4 of HASRS. Especially, establishment of Housing Corporation was discussed first of all at HMC because it was considered as most effective way by Section 4. Moreover, matters had been researched by Section 1 was strongly reflected on (4). Section 2 and Section 3 couldn't incorporate their ideas into “the report of HMC” because the measures concerning housing standardization and supervision did not directly contribute to solving housing shortage. However, they made effort to realize their ideas during HMC. “The report of HMC” played important role in proposing housing supply measures at WW II such as the Housing Corporation Act. Moreover, this paper shows its significance that it was product of compromise of activity of drafting Housing Act. Therefore it partially included ideas gotten thorough comprehensive research about housing policy.