1 0 0 0 OA 「星」と「蛍」 : アフリカの森で見たゲレム
- 著者
- 安岡 宏和
- 出版者
- 法政大学人間環境学会
- 雑誌
- 人間環境論集 = 人間環境論集 (ISSN:13453785)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.14, no.3, pp.195-198, 2014-03
1 0 0 0 OA アフリカの生物多様性保全をめぐる歴史と現代的課題
- 著者
- 松浦 直毅 戸田 美佳子 安岡 宏和
- 出版者
- 日本アフリカ学会
- 雑誌
- アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.2021, no.100, pp.29-33, 2021-12-31 (Released:2022-12-31)
- 参考文献数
- 16
アフリカにおける生物多様性保全の歴史は19世紀後半にまでさかのぼり,時代ごとの社会背景や国際情勢を反映して理念や方法が変化してきた。近代以降のアフリカは保全という問題とつねに対峙してきたといえ,生物多様性保全というテーマは,現代のアフリカが直面している課題を分析し,将来を展望するうえで不可欠であるといえる。そこで本稿では,要塞型保全から住民参加型保全,そして新自由主義的保全という保全パラダイムの変遷についてまとめるとともに,保全政策の名のもとでおこなわれる土地収奪や地域住民への暴力行為などの保全をめぐる現代的問題について述べる。アフリカの保全政策がかかえる課題として,地域住民の生活や文化が軽視され,政府や国際機関が主導するトップダウン型の構造が維持されてきたことが挙げられる。この課題を解決し,効果的な保全活動を進めるためには,「順応的管理」の理念にもとづき,「参加型モニタリング」の手法による自然資源管理の体制を構築することが重要であり,現場に根ざした地域社会の深い理解とその実践への応用を特徴とする日本のアフリカ研究が果たす役割は大きいといえる。
- 著者
- 安岡 宏和
- 出版者
- 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科
- 雑誌
- アジア・アフリカ地域研究 = Asian and African Area Studies (ISSN:13462466)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.6, no.2, pp.297-314, 2007-03
The availability of wild yams (Dioscorea spp.) has been considered the key factor that determines the viability of hunting and gathering as a way of life in the African rainforests. Annual-stem yams (D. praehensilis and D. semperfl orens) in particular are the most reliable resource to support ample subsistence by foraging during the dry season, which has been considered to be extremely severe for a "pure" foraging life in tropical forests. An analysis of the canopy photographs indicates that "annual" yams favor habitats with sunlight, namely, forest gaps. The "annual" yams were, however, observed only in the limited areas presently situated far from the village, while forest gaps were omnipresent throughout the forest. The propagation of the "annual" yams thus seems to be restricted under natural conditions. An old map printed in 1910 during the German rule shows that there had been in the area several village sites of the Bantu cultivators; and this fact suggests Baka camps were probably also distributed around these villages. Although the Bantu cultivators, who depended on bananas and cassavas, might have not grown wild yams in their fi elds, it is possible that the Baka made a positive impact on the formation of patches of plenty of "annual" yams, for example, through transplanting heads of yams into favorable habitats. If such a manner of "semi-cultivation" substantially increased the opportunity for the formation of yam patches, the framework of examination of the ecological bases of human subsistence of the African rainforests should be reconsidered.
- 著者
- 安岡 宏和
- 出版者
- 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科
- 雑誌
- アジア・アフリカ地域研究 = Asian and African area studies (ISSN:13462466)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.4, no.1, pp.36-85, 2004-07
While "Pygmy" hunter-gatherers were generally assumed to be the original inhabitants of the central African rain forest, recent studies have proposed the hypothesis that it is impossible to subsist by hunting and gathering alone in the tropical rain forests without some degree of dependence on agricultural products. This hypothesis has been debated among researchers of hunter-gatherer societies in different parts of the world. There have been, however, few studies on this issue that were based on sound data on the actual hunting and gathering life of the forest peoples. This paper examines the possibility of hunting and gathering life in the tropical rain forest, based on the data obtained from participant observation on molongo, a long-term hunting and gathering expedition, among the Baka in southeastern Cameroon. During the two and a half months of the expedition, the Baka subsisted solely on wild food resources, wild yams in particular, although it was during the dry season when food resources are generally thought to be scarce. The sustainability of such a forest life is examined in relation to the abundance and distribution patterns of wild food resources, hunting and gathering technologies, residential patterns and nomadic life style.