- 著者
-
松田 素二
- 出版者
- 日本アフリカ学会
- 雑誌
- アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.1983, no.23, pp.1-33, 1983-05-28 (Released:2010-04-30)
- 参考文献数
- 72
- 被引用文献数
-
1
African urban studies of Anthropology have their origin in one ideal model, the dyachronic detribalization model. This model assumes that African urbanization can be regarded as a gradual process of detribalization in consequence of direct contacts with heterogeneous and powerful Western cultures. In the 1950's, members of the Rhodes-Livingstone School such as Gluckman, Mitchell and Epstein advocated a new approach for African urban studies on the basis of their field researches of copperbelt towns in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). They criticized the detribalization model and put forward the situational approach, which emphasized synchronic social relations. According to this approach, the social relations of African rural-urban migrants are in some situations based on their traditional tribal norms but in others are based on urban norms. The situational approach is a very useful one because it highlights the migrants' personal strategy in situational selections. It cannot, however, explain the retribalization phenomenon which prevails in the African metropolises today. Those urban migrants who come from rural areas do not break away from tribal social relations but on the contrary reorganize these tribal relations in order to live a stable life in the urban environment. The situational approach cannot explain the paradox of the retention of tribal relations in a strikingly urban context.This paper tries to resolve the problems of retribalization by analysing a re-organization process of social relations by the Maragoli migrants from Kerongo village, Western Kenya in Kangemi, a poor housing area in Nairobi. Kangemi, located in the northwest area of the city, is an urban colony for the Maragoli migrants. We can observe an actual re-organization process of various kinds of social relations there. In order to elucidate this process, this paper adopts the following procedures.1. Firstly, several social situations, where social relations are developed and organized, are chosen from the daily life of the migrants from Kerongo village in Kangemi. This paper extracts empirically eight situations, namely, (1) securing the first accomodation, (2) seeking permanent employment, (3) borrowing or lending money, (4) borrowing or lending daily goods, (5) drinking beer or local alcohol, (6) exchanging messages and information with their home village, Kerongo, (7) participating in church activities, (8) carrying the body of a migrant back to the home village and preparing and performing a ritual of “ilisyoma” in Nairobi.2. Secondly, the forms of re-organizing social relations in each situation are examined. The forms can be sorted into two types, network type and group type. According to the former type, whenever they confront difficulties in some situations of their daily life, the migrants set up a kind of association to deal with the difficulties. When they do not form an association but extend their personal social networks, this form is called the group type.3. Thirdly, the principles of re-organizing social relations are verified in each situation. The clan-lineage principle, the village-home-boy principle and the urban neighbourhood-locality principle are presented here. Thus, the migrants from Kerongo village living in Kangemi re-organize their social relations by using different forms and different principles in each situation.4. Although most parts of these re-organization processes can be presented as retribalization phenomena, this paper pays much more attention to a process organized by the home-boy principle. The study fourthly examines how the home-boy principle, which has been developed recently in town, is embedded and reinterpreted in a traditional and dominant ideology of unilineal descent. In order to provide the home-boy principle with legitimacy in the framework of the ideology of unilineality, the Kerongo villagers have adopted two stages