著者
苅谷 康太
出版者
日本アフリカ学会
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2016, no.89, pp.1-13, 2016-05-31 (Released:2017-05-31)
参考文献数
37

19世紀初頭,現在のナイジェリア北部一帯に相当するハウサランドにおいて大規模な軍事ジハードが開始された。このジハードは,数年のうちに次々と同地のハウサ諸王権を圧倒し,一般にソコト・カリフ国と呼ばれる,イスラームを統治の基盤に据えた国家の建設を実現した。ジハードと国家建設の中心にいたイスラーム知識人ウスマーン・ブン・フーディー(1817年歿)は,複数の著作の中で,ハウサランドもしくはスーダーンに住む人々を信仰の様態に基づいて分類し,更に,その分類において不信仰者と見做した人々の捕虜・奴隷化に関する規定を論じている。本稿では,国家の基盤建設期にあたる1808年以降のウスマーンが,ウラマーの多くが認めていない法学的見解に依拠することを容認する「寛容の思想」を導入し,上述の信仰の様態に基づく人間の分類を操作することによって,捕虜・奴隷化し得る不信仰者の範疇を如何に拡大したのかを明らかにし,更に,その背景に如何なる理由が存在したのかを考察する。
著者
松下 周二
出版者
Japan Association for African Studies
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1981, no.20, pp.90-113, 1981-03-30 (Released:2010-04-30)
参考文献数
28
被引用文献数
1
著者
中村 香子
出版者
日本アフリカ学会
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2017, no.92, pp.69-81, 2017-12-31 (Released:2018-12-31)
参考文献数
22

本稿は,アフリカにおける民族文化観光においてもっとも長期的に有力な「商品」でありつづけている「マサイ」をとりあげ,彼らが住民主体でおこなう観光業の実態を検証することを目的とする。前半部では,民族文化観光の現場で何がどのように観光資源化されており,それによってどの程度の収益がもたらされているのかを明らかにし,そのうえで,観光業の経済基盤としての脆弱性を指摘する。人びとが「最少努力・最少投資」の姿勢で観光業に対峙していることをふまえて,後半部では,人びとが新たに民族文化観光の資源として利用しようとしているものを分析する。そのひとつは女性の「苦境」であり,もうひとつは子供の「苦境」である。いずれも国際社会による開発支援の定番のイメージであり,観光客が無意識に求めているもうひとつのステレオタイプ─「かわいそうなアフリカ」に合致するものである。「伝統」と「未開」を「光」としてみせ,「苦境」を「影」として聞かせながら,人びとは,観光客から新たな支援を呼び込む場として民族文化観光村を活用しているのである。
著者
小川 さやか
出版者
Japan Association for African Studies
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2004, no.64, pp.65-85, 2004-03-31 (Released:2010-04-30)
参考文献数
44

従来の都市研究において, 互酬的な規範を伴う経済関係は, 小農社会の「伝統」を端緒とし, 親族, 同郷者あるいはエスニックグループなどといった特定の閉鎖的な集団において機能するものと分析されてきた。しかしながら, 本論では, 地方都市ムワンザ市の古着流通で行われている信用取引を事例に, 互酬的な規範を伴う経済関係は, 必ずしも農村共同体で見られる「モラル」から発するものではなく, 都市での生活信条や経済活動を通じた連帯を基盤として, 利益と感情の同時充足を目指す商人たちの自立的で創造的な試みとして生成しうることを指摘する。ムワンザ市の古着流通では, 資本をもつ中間卸売商と資本を持たない小売商の間で, 担保なしに商品が前渡しされ, その商品の返品や仕入れ価格の再設定が可能で, さらに生活補助も兼ね備えた特異な信用取引が行われている。この信用取引は, 商人双方に多大な経済的利益をもたらすものであるが, 経済的な利害関係だけでなく, 互酬的な規範を伴った水平的な社会関係を基盤として成立している。本論では, マリ・カウリ取引と呼ばれるこの信用取引が, どのような論理で行われ, 維持されていくのかを中間卸売商と小売商の間の協力関係と対立関係の両面から検討する。
著者
上田 将
出版者
Japan Association for African Studies
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1977, no.16, pp.23-35, 1977-03-30 (Released:2010-04-30)
参考文献数
14

In this paper I consider kithitu (pl. ithitu) among the Kamba, a ‘Bantu speaking’ people in Central Kenya. Kithitu is a kind of magical medicine (muthea) in a broad sense. Its form is a medicine container, such as an animal's horn or a human tibia, in which magical medicine is packed. Medicine is mainly made from plants, but it is very difficult to know the constituents of medicine because secrecy about the ingredients is strictly kept.There are many kinds and many uses of ithitu among the Kamba, but in this paper I examine Kilonzo's kithitu which is very well-known in the northern part of Kitui District. There are many oral traditions and much gossip about the kithitu in which its potency and the people's fear of it are always expressed.Here I consider how the Kamba explain the various qualities and power of the kithitu, including:1. The owner must keep his kithitu in the bush (kitheka) far away from his homestead (musyi). If he puts it in his homestead, the people of his homestead will die because of the strong effective power of the kithitu.2. After using the kithitu, the owner and the persons concerned must not leave it without wiping off their eyes, hands and the soles of their feet with a mixture of juice from some plants and the soil of an ant hill, or with mwoyo (the undigested contents of a goat's stomach), because they have to cleanse the destructive power of the kithitu before coming back to their homes.3. The kithitu sometimes comes near to the owner's homestead from the bush and cries like a man asking a goat's blood to drink. On such occasions, the owner must kill a goat and take the blood to the kithitu immediately. It is said that if he neglects this, all the members of his homestead will die.4. The owner of strong kithitu can not have his real sons. It is believed that his real sons die young one after another because he always uses the kithitu.5. The kithitu is used in oaths as kuya kithitu (to eat kithitu). It has the power to judge the truth. The accuser and the accused go to the bush and each of them swears over the kithitu, saying that if he tells a lie the kithitu may kill him. But people don't swear over the kithitu directly without kusuna kavyu (to lick a hot knife), ordeal as the first step, because the kithitu is so dangerous that a liar is killed with it. Swearing over the kithitu is connected with law, morals, values, legal procedure, clan conferences (mbai), political power and so on.The kithitu is used as uoi (magical power to knock down an enemy or a rival). When some person encounters serious difficulties brought by his enemy, he visits and asks the owner of the kithitu to kill his enemy. The owner chants a spell against the enemy, striking the kithitu with a twig.The Kamba categorize uoi into two parts: Uoi wa mundu ume (uoi of man) and uoi wa mundu muka (uoi of woman). The kithitu belongs to the category of uoi of man. It has the characteristics shown below:(1) A person who wants to use the kithitu must pay money to the owner. It costs about three hundreds shillings (equivalent to about fifteen thousands yen). Kuthooa kithitu (to buy kithitu) means to use kithitu as uoi.(2) Women and children cannot approach and use the kithitu because administering it is always attended by some danger and secrecy. Only the male adults can use it.(3) It is forbidden to use the kithitu without socially justified reasons. To use kithitu is basically permitted by the society, but only if people follow the prescribed pattern of usage. The kithitu as uoi is deeply related to the kamba magico-religious beliefs a
著者
溝邊 泰雄
出版者
Japan Association for African Studies
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2003, no.62, pp.31-42, 2003-03-31 (Released:2010-04-30)
参考文献数
41

本稿は, 19世紀末のゴールド・コーストにおけるアフリカ人植民地政府官吏の実態を概観し, 世紀転換期におけるいかなる状況の変化が, 彼らの植民地政府に対する認識の変化を生じさせたのかを考察する。19世紀末までの西アフリカ海岸地域は, 病気, 資金, 現地についての知識不足などの厳しい制約のために, ヨーロッパ人が本格的にアフリカヘ侵入できる状況になかった。その為, 植民地政府は西洋教育を受けた一部のアフリカ人を官吏として採用し, 彼らの重要性を認識していた。そして, その「植民地」の運営にアフリカンエリートも進んで参加しようとした。しかしながら, 世紀転換期を迎える頃になると, 植民地政府官吏を輩出してきたアフリカンエリートの中から, 植民地政府がアフリカ人に向けて突き付けた様々な植民地政策に対して, 活発に改善要求を行う者が現われるようになった。そして, そうした一連の「アフリカ人」の権利回復運動が, 結果として, 20世紀アフリカ史の重要テーマであるパン・アフリカニズムや反植民地思想の形成の根幹となる,「部族」を超えた連帯意識を生み出す原動力となっていく。こうしたアフリカンエリートの植民地政府及びその背後に位置する大英帝国に対する認識の変化こそが, アフリカン・ナショナリズムのみならず, その後の「アフリカ人国家」建設にも少なからぬ影響を与えていったと考えられる。
著者
多田 功
出版者
Japan Association for African Studies
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1972, no.12, pp.15-20, 1972-12-25 (Released:2010-04-30)

The Ethiopia highland is surrounded by desert and tropical forest-rain areas, and the highland itself surpass 2, 000m in average from sea level. Because of this geographic feature, miscellaneous infectious and parasitic diseases are seen in this country depending on the individual locations. There is not only a plenty of oral and respiratory infections of bacterial, rickettsial, protozoal and helminthic diseases, but also various arthropods-transmitted diseases which are scattered widely by various insects vectors. The shortage of medical facilities and staffs in this country prolongs unfortunately prompt improvement of the present situations. It should be moral obligation for the so-called developed countries to relieve inhabitants from these infectious and parasitic diseases. It seems that those who love Ethiopia and Ethiopians should frankly suggest and recommend people the possible means for the improvement from medical and administrative view points. It does not only mean to help the people under miserable conditions, but it does mean to help ourselves, because all of us are equally involved in mankind.
著者
増田 研
出版者
日本アフリカ学会
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2016, no.90, pp.37-46, 2016-12-31 (Released:2017-12-31)
参考文献数
35

感染症による死亡率が低下したアフリカでは現在,人口が急増する一方で長寿命化が進行している。この延長線上に,今世紀後半にやってくるとされるアフリカの少子高齢時代をどのように迎えるのか,そのためにどのような調査や政策が求められるのか,という課題に関する問題整理を試みたのが本稿である。高齢化社会の到来をにらんだ取り組みとしては,年金や給付金制度の策定などがすでにいくつかの国で始まっているが,高齢者の生活ケアや健康・医療問題など,課題は多いとされる。アフリカ社会の高齢化に関する先行研究の多くは,社会保障の不在や非感染症への対応の遅れ,都市部貧困層の高齢化,農村社会の高齢化,ファミリーケアの衰退といった数多くの問題点を指摘する。しかしながら,個別社会において人口高齢化が何をもたらすのか,そもそも何が課題であるのか,そうした課題に地域社会の脈絡にそくしたどのような社会的対応がありうるのかといった点について,今後は民族誌的なアプローチによる研究が本格化されることが望ましい。高齢化先進国の社会保障政策や試行錯誤を参考にしつつも,地域社会のあり方に学び,アフリカの未来の姿についての関心を共有することが求められるのである。
著者
土井 茂則
出版者
学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.28, pp.48-69, 1986

Republic of Kenya achieved independence from England in 1963. But it is well known that the process of her independence was not so easy. There were so many conflicts against British colonial rule in Kenya. Mau Mau revolt was the largest and most intensive uprising in Kenya independent movement. Several reasons of this uprising already have been said by writers, historians, politicians and Mau Mau survivers. But even now no fixed theory to interpret Mau Mau revolt is appeared. It is obvious that Mau Mau revolt was the fight for Kikuyu land and freedom of Kikuyu people by Kikuyu people. The problem is that Mau Mau revolt included the phase of independent movement of nationalist, or not. Because most people who took part in this uprising were almost Kikuyu people, above all young Kikuyu people who had no land to cultivate. In this respect Mau Mau revolt was regarded as civil war between "haves" and "have-nots" in Kikuyu land.<br>Kikuyu Central Association in 1920s and Kenya African Union in 1940s were leading organization of political movement in Kenya. These organizations were led by more or less "haves" who were educated in the school of the Christian Missionaries. They were not always against British colonial rule and their purpose was wealth and political power in colonial system. Their movements were improvement of life to accept European life style and European civilization. Mau Mau revolt was different from these movement. Because most of people who took part in Mau Mau uprising were young and had not education of Christian Missionaries. In this point Mau Mau revolt was anti-European Christian civilization movement to keep identity of African.<br>In the beginning of 1900s Christian Missionaries came to Kikuyu land. They established Christian Missionaries schools. In 1910s they want to suspend the custom of girl's circumcision in Kikuyu land. Some of the Christian Missionaries decided to compel Kikuyu people give up the custom of girl's circumcision in 1920s. But Kikuyu people repulsed these policies of Christian Missionaries. As a matter of course, anti-Christian Missionaries movement was increased in violence in Kikuyu land. Kikuyu people denied to educate their children in schools of Christian Missionaries. They established their own schools and churches, which were Kikuyu Independent School to educate their children and Kikuyu Karinga School to educate Kikuyu traditional religion apart from Christian Missionaries.<br>The conflict between Kikuyu and Christian Missionaries in Kikuyu land had given influence on the independent political movement, especially later Mau Mau movement. In fact there are several reasons of Mau Mau revolt under British rule, which is labour policy, land policy and so on. The conflict between Kikuyu and Christian Missionaries was also one of the most important impact on Kikuyu Nationalism Movement.
著者
五島 忠久
出版者
Japan Association for African Studies
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1967, no.5, pp.19-26, 1967

The formula of the syllabic structure of the English words is (C<sup>3</sup>)(C<sup>2</sup>)(C<sup>1</sup>)V(C<sub>1</sub>)(C<sub>2</sub>)(C<sub>3</sub>)(C<sub>4</sub>). Examples may be given:<br>C<sup>3</sup>C<sup>2</sup>C<sup>1</sup>VC<sub>1</sub>: strong/stro_??_/<br>C<sup>1</sup>V: see/si_??_/<br>C<sup>1</sup>VC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>: length/le_??_kθ/<br>VC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>C<sub>4</sub>: absence/æbsns/.<br>Swahili has the following formula: (C<sup>3</sup>) (C<sup>2</sup>) (C<sup>1</sup>) V.<br>V: ona /<i>o</i>-na/'to see'<br>C<sup>1</sup>V: ja/ja/'to come'<br>C<sup>2</sup>C<sup>1</sup>V: anza/a-<i>nza</i>/'to begin'<br>C<sup>3</sup>C<sup>2</sup>C<sup>1</sup>V: hamstashara/ha-<i>msta</i>-ša-ra/'fifteen'<br>Thus, syllables in Swahili regularly end in vowels. Many loan-words taken from English, therefore, have adapted their syllabic structure to that of Swahili, changing their one-syllable type into two- or three-syllable one.<br>C<sup>1</sup>V-C<sup>1</sup>V (<E. C<sup>1</sup>VC<sup>1</sup>): basi/ba-si/ (<E. bus/bas/)<br>C<sup>1</sup>V-C<sup>2</sup>C<sup>1</sup>V (<E. C<sup>1</sup>VC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>): banki/ba-nki/ (<E. bank/bæ_??_k/)<br>C<sup>2</sup>C<sup>1</sup>V-C<sup>1</sup>V (<E. C<sup>2</sup>C<sup>1</sup>VC<sub>1</sub>): brashi/bra-ši/ (<E. brush/braš/)<br>C<sup>2</sup>C<sup>1</sup>V-C<sup>2</sup>C<sup>1</sup>V (<E. C<sup>2</sup>C<sup>1</sup>VC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>): stampa/sta-mpa/ (<E. stamp/stæmp/)<br>C<sup>1</sup>V-C<sup>2</sup>C<sup>1</sup>V-C<sup>1</sup>V (<E. C<sup>1</sup>VC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>): sampuli/sa-mpu-li/ (<E. sample/sæmpl/)<br>C<sup>1</sup>V-C<sup>1</sup>V-C<sup>1</sup>V (<E. C<sup>1</sup>VC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>): dazani/da-za-ni/ (<E. dozen/dazn/)<br>Some words have the same syllabic structure as the original ones.<br>V-C<sup>1</sup>V (<E. V-C<sup>1</sup>V): eka/e-ka/ (<E. acre/ei-k_??_/)<br>C<sup>1</sup>V-C<sup>1</sup>V (<E. C<sup>1</sup>V-C<sup>1</sup>V): gita/gi-ta/ (<E. guitar/gi-ta_??_/)
著者
橋本 栄莉
出版者
日本アフリカ学会
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2012, no.81, pp.31-44, 2012-12-31 (Released:2014-03-28)
参考文献数
17

南スーダンに住まうヌエル社会の人々は,度重なる内戦を経験し,平和構築や住民投票,新国家の誕生という歴史的出来事に立ち会ってきた。多くのヌエルの人々は,これらの出来事をかつてなされた予言が成就したものとして捉えている。本稿の目的は,首都ジュバに住まうヌエルの人々が,南スーダンの分離独立という歴史的出来事を,19世紀末になされた予言という「神話」的枠組みを通してどのように捉えていたのかを報告することにある。人々は住民投票のプロセスの中で偶発的に出現する数々の要素を,かつての予言の中に見出すことによって分離独立の正しさを語っていた。本稿では多様な予言の解釈に注目し,語り手各々が抱える現実的な問題が予言を介して国家レベルの問題に接続されてゆく過程を描く。これを通じ,多様な背景を持つ人々が集うアフリカ都市社会において,戦後復興の一環である「民主化」への取り組みと,多様な解釈を通じて刷新される「神話」とがいかに人々の重層的なリアリティを形成してゆくのかを提示する。
著者
西村 智昭
出版者
学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.44, pp.29-46, 1994
被引用文献数
5 8

The population density of western lowland gorillas in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, northern Congo, was estimated both by the "bed-census" method and the "counting" method based on bed-count and direct observation. The density was calculated as 1.92-2.56animals/km<sup>2</sup> and 2.29-2.61 animals/km<sup>2</sup> respectively. Because this was the first time to attempt the "bed-census" method in the Ndoki forest, direct comparison of population density was possible between western lowland gorilla populations at all study sites. It was concluded that the density of the Ndoki gorillas was highest. High population density of the Ndoki gorillas was considered to be possible because they have access to a wide repertoire of foods such as highly nutritious terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV) and various kinds of fruits and seeds, corresponding to the seasonal fluctuation of food availability. Although the feeding habits and habitat were different between western and eastern gorillas, they shared a basically one-male group composition, large group size, and unit groups that largely shared their home ranges with each other.
著者
松浦 直毅
出版者
日本アフリカ学会
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2010, no.77, pp.19-30, 2010-12-31 (Released:2013-12-06)
参考文献数
38

多くのアフリカ諸国でみられるように,アフリカ中部のガボン共和国では,病気の治療や家族関係,仕事,そして政治的な問題の解決のためにおこなわれる伝統儀礼が,広く人びとのあいだで信じられ,利用されている。なかでも「ピグミー」と呼ばれる人びとは,豊富な植物の知識をもち,超自然的な力をそなえた存在として特別視されている。本稿では,ガボン南部のピグミーの1グループであるバボンゴの伝統儀礼について,以下の2点を明らかにする。(1)バボンゴは,周縁的な村に暮らしていながらも,伝統儀礼を通じて政治的な権力者を含めた都市の人びととの関係を築いている。(2)現金収入の乏しい村に暮らすバボンゴにとって,伝統儀礼が貴重な収入源となっている。これまでの研究では,ピグミーが周縁的な存在であるために,外部世界と関わるには近隣農耕民に対して政治的に依存せざるをえないこと,近代的な国家システムへの参与が困難であることが指摘されてきた。しかしながら,ガボン南部のバボンゴは,周縁的な存在であるために逆に外部の人びとから伝統儀礼が価値づけられ,その能力が頼られることで,農耕民に依存することなく外部世界とかかわり,伝統儀礼の担い手として独自の社会的地位を築いているといえる
著者
曽我 亨
出版者
日本アフリカ学会
雑誌
アフリカ研究 (ISSN:00654140)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.1998, no.52, pp.29-49, 1998-03-31 (Released:2010-04-30)
参考文献数
24

This paper analyzes the “camel trust system” (dabare) of the Gabra, pastoralists in a Eastern Province of Kenya. Gabra people transfer their camels as gifts, and on the basis of short term loan, trade and “trust”.Trust, the most ordinary of these four, is a long term loan. Usually, an owner trusts out (loans) most of his camels to other Gabra, and he lives on camels trusted in (borrowed) from other Gabra. Trustees can keep trusted camels as long as the owner does not ask for their return. Trustees have the right of use of the camel and what it produces, most importantly milk. As well, trustees can in turn, trust offspring to another Gabra. Trustors and trustees are recognized as “jal” (special friend), connected by the trusting of camels. This “jal” chain creates multiple networks in the Gabra society.The first part of this paper outlines the trust system of the Gabra and analyzes the relationships which are found in the “jal” networks. There are two important relationships. One is a direct relationship between trustor and trustee, characterized by intimacy and loose reciprocity. The other is an indirect relationship between the owner of a camel and the trustees of that camel's offspring. A camel owner has the right to demand a gift from the trustee, however, in some cases, this demand is deemed too high, and the trustee does not accede to the owner's demand, in which case the owner will compulsorily recall his camel from that trustee. The latter relationship is particular to the Gabra trust system.Secondly, this paper analyzes three features which the trust system generates in the Gabra society. (1) Trust system organizes the Gabra into particular clan. The trust system strongly unites the owner's clan's members. As clans ideally own numerous camels, owners of camels and his clan members keep a close eye on trustees to ensure they breed a camel correctly. The trust system mobilizes and unites the members of the owner's clan. (2) Trust system have the Gabra conform themselves to the discipline. As the owner and his clan's members keep close watch on trustees, trustees try to keep the regulations of trusted camel. Moreover, as the owner who is offended with trustee often compulsorily recalls his camels form that trustee, trustees must always be deferent to camel owners. By virtue of these, trustee are obliged to assume a discipline-abiding attitude with respect to any Gabra who is closely watching him. (3) Trust system makes Gabra imagine the ethnicity. The owner and trustees often live in different region in Gabra land. Trust system connects these people who mutually live in “outside” of their daily-world. By virtue of these, the Gabra recognize the reality of their ethnicity.It is likely that these features resulted from the detachment of the right of ownership from the people who directly exchange the camels.