4 0 0 0 OA トルコ共和国のユダヤ人コミュニティ――反ユダヤ的言説の諸局面――
- 著者
- 小山 皓一郎
- 出版者
- 国士舘大学21世紀アジア学会
- 雑誌
- 21世紀アジア学会紀要
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.4, 2006-03
1 0 0 0 OA オスマン朝の始祖オスマンと「オスマン集団」の性格
- 著者
- 小山 皓一郎
- 出版者
- 東洋文庫
- 雑誌
- 東洋学報 = The Toyo Gakuho
- 巻号頁・発行日
- vol.50, no.3, pp.265-306, 1967-12
Details of the life of Osman who gave his name to the Ottoman Dynasty are yet to be clarified. The author of this article attempts to make them clear through the re-examination of early Ottoman chronicles (mainly ‘Aşïkpaşazade Tarihi’ written in the second half of 15th century) with reference to the present researches on the subject. The author discusses and concludes as follows:Osman succeeded his father Ertuğrul as the head of a small band of nomads belonging to Kayï, a branch of Türkmen tribes. Osman was therefore first of all a nomad chief and there is no reason to regard his Kayï genealogy false.Soon after his succession towards the end of 13th century, Osman began to extend his territories around Söğüt at the expense of the Byzantine dominion in the north-western Anatolia. The expansion was not accomplished all at once but was proceeded by steps. Osman’s military movement against the Byzantine Empire might be largely divided in two stages. At first, his operations on the Byzantine frontiers remained within the scope of small conflicts or skirmishes with the neighbouring Christian Princes (‘tekfur-lar’ in Aşïkpaşazade Tarihi). At this stage, Osman’s followers consisted for the most part of Kayï tribesmen. But in the second stage, when the siege of Bursa and İznik (Nicaea) was undertaken, Osman’s operations against the Byzantine dominion grew in character into a systematic invasion and Osman began to appear more and more as a leader of a ghâzî organization which had almost constantly existed on the frontiers of the Moslem World. The ghâzîs (‘gazi-ler’ in Aşïkpaşazade Tarihi) under Osman’s leadership were marked by their nomadic elements (the elements of ‘Alp’ in Aşïkpaşazade Tarihi) and their passion for loot rather than for the faith.Osman died a chief of nomad tribesmen as well as a head of the ghâzî organization. At the time of his death, his dominion was still limited to the north-western corner of Anatolia. Osman was neither a sultan nor a great conqueror as he was described by most Ottoman historiographers. The importance of Osman in Ottoman history lies in the fact that he organized the earliest core of the Ottoman Turks.
1 0 0 0 文明としての「北方」-異文化共存の可能性
調査研究の結果、得られた知見は以下の通りである。1.「北方」を地理的に定義するのではなく、わが国との関わりを中心に文明論的に、そして近年の国際関係、地域連繋の点から定位すると、極東ロシア、北東アジア、中央アジアを含む、北西ユーラシアの拡がりに21世紀的な意味を見出すことができる(「北方」といえば北米、スカンディナヴィア、極北、ロシア北部等を含むが、ここでは上述の積極的な定義が重要である)。2.1で定めた「北方」地域に関しては、その大半が社会主義の洗礼を受けたことも含め、ロシア語、ロシア文明のきわめて強い影響下にある(学術制度から日常生活にも到る)。3.しかしながらこうした文明・文化の状況は現在あくまでグローバル化の渦中にあり、いわゆる従来のロシア文明ととらえることは妥当でない。4.中央アジア、極東ロシアにおける韓国の存在は極めて大きい。それに反し、歴史的にはさまざまな関わりがあるもののわが国の存在感は弱い。5.上述の域内でのヒト・モノの移動は想像以上に進行している(アゼルパイジャン、チェチェン人が極東ロシアに多数移住していること、またスターリン時代の強制移住による中央アジアの朝鮮人の存在など)。6.この地域を概観すると、周辺地域である日本、韓国などの相対的な経済先進地域が北方中心域に刺激を与えているようにみえるが、こうした経済的インパクトが社会変化を支配するところまではいっていない。7.ユーラシア鉄道計画等の北方地域に関わるプロジェクトに対し、日本の関心と関与が圧倒的に少ない。