著者

小林 良生

出版者

JAPAN TECHNICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY

雑誌

紙パ技協誌 (ISSN:0022815X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.8, pp.1173-1179, 2002-08-01 (Released:2009-11-19)

参考文献数

16

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The shift of the policy of pulp and paper industries from non-woody raw materials such as kenaf and bagasse to wood chips accelerated plantation of eucalyptus, especially Eucalyptus camldulensis in North-East in Thailand. Phoenix Pulp and Paper Co., Ltd. switched from kenaf to eucalyptus and bamboo after several years' operation in 1987. Advance Agro Co. belonging to Soon Hua Seng Conglomerate has entered in these industries in the late 1980 s and the early 1990 s with plantation of eucalyptus in their own farmers' network fields. In spite of strong farmers' resistance movement against the plantation, eucalyptus plantation is gradually and steadily prevailing in North-East Area in Thailand. FAO organized a symposium to confirm scientifically the evaluation of eucalyptus plantation. The conclusive argument pro and con eucalyptus plantation provided by FAO was introduced. Finally research organizations concerning pulp and paper as well as afforestation were also mentioned.

著者

小林 良生

出版者

明治大学平和教育登戸研究所資料館

雑誌

明治大学平和教育登戸研究所資料館館報 (ISSN:24239151)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1, pp.3-38, 2016-03-25

著者

嘉村 均 竹田 典正 小林 良生

出版者

公益社団法人 日本化学会

雑誌

化学と教育 (ISSN:03862151)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.6, pp.639, 1988-12-20 (Released:2017-07-13)

著者

小林 良生

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.50, no.258, pp.97-102, 2011 (Released:2021-07-22)

著者

小林 良生 浜谷 康郎

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.254, pp.78-90, 2010 (Released:2021-08-02)

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In the 13^<th> Scroll "the Zusho (no) ryo (the Documentation Bureau) " in "the Codes of Engi (the Engishiki) " completed in 927 AD, there are four articles concerning the oldest paper technology, i.e., " the annual papermaking article (nenryoshi-jo) ", "the paper flower article (shika-jo) ", "the article of raw materials for paper (shiryo-jo) " and "the article of one day's norms of papermakers in the each process (zoshi-jo) ". These articles described the lists of raw materials, expendables, tools and equipments for papermaking including their quantities, volumes or sizes. This was because the Zusho (no) ryo mentioned the duties of supplying all amounts of paper used in the Imperial Court. In this study with the intention of grasping the papermaking methods in the old days, the description of the articles mentioned above were construed word for word and all the tools and equipments as well as expendables were carefully examined from the view-points of their usage and applications. The manipulation to arrange suitably these tools and equipments as well as expendables with the papermaking process resulted in building up the image of the papermaking ways in the ancient times. On the base of the amounts of raw materials and the paper made thereof, the basis weights of thick colored paper, thin paper-mulberry paper and gampi paper as well as the pulping yield of the bast fibers were calculated, respectively. The bast fibers were found to be cooked with addition of 20-30wt% alkali from ashes with yielding 58%. The paper was made by using an oblong mould in an oblong vessel, which has supposedly stimulated to shake during papermaking and to transfer from Tamezuki to Nagashizuki. In the process of drying wet paper, it was found that the width of drying board was narrower than those of wet papers, which obliged to stick them on the board with folding the edge of the wet paper by aid of a kind of glue. By comparison of the one day's norms of papermaking the reason was made clear why hemp cloth and Sophora flavescens disappeared from the list of raw materials for papermaking. Finally the method of the dyeing paper for paper flowers was clarified.

著者

小林 良生

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.47, no.247, pp.150-159, 2008 (Released:2021-08-04)

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During the past half a century archaeologists in China excavated some paper-like remnants dating from the Western Han Dynasty. Based on these findings, Pan Jinxing proposed that paper was invented before Ts'ai Lun, doubting on his contribution to the invention of papermaking technology. With the publication of new Academic Journal named "Paper History Study", China Technical Association of the Paper Industry Society members strongly opposed his opinions by re-analyses all of the unearthed papers and historical references. The major counter-evidences are as follows: a. there existed mis-judgments on produced ages of unearthed papers or paper-like objects, b. Some of the unearthed papers reported were not paper but paper-like objects made of botanical fibers bundles due to natural force or primitive paper-like models and the stormy discussion was made on the definition of paper, c. there are referential supports on the Ts'ai Lun's originality on the invention of papermaking. These conclusive remarks expressed by the Association of Paper Industry were compared with those of Pan Jinxing in the form of the table. The final conclusion on the existence of "the papers before Ts'ai Lun", therefore, must await further scientific analyses by the disinterested party.

著者

小林 良生

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.234, pp.86-96, 2005 (Released:2021-08-12)

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Based on the same presumption on the molding methods reported previously, the development steps of squeezing techniques in hand papermaking were surveyed and estimated from the analyses of hand papermaking conserved by minorities in and around southern China. The initial step of the shift from molding process was to make paper from squeezing in a deep vat dispersed plant fiber by using a screen fixed with frame. As the second improvement, a screen separable from frame was invented for production efficiency. The second step was to squeeze a suspension of plant fibers dispersed without mucilages by using the separable screen and frame and then to dry each a piece of wet sheet on a board or wall without pressing. The third step was to add the process of pressing a pile of wet sheets for improvement of paper bulk density and strength. In this pressing process, felts were first inserted between each wet sheet for preventing from mutually sticking these sheets. Finally the squeezing method was refined to reach the 'nagashizuki' technique by which a pile of wet webs are permitted to be pressed without inserted felts for peeling each sheet off.

著者

小林 良生

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.232, pp.193-203, 2004 (Released:2021-08-12)

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On the presumption that minorities in Southern China and her peripheral countries still conserve ancient papermaking techniques, field and literature surveys were made for extraction of elemental techniques of hand papermaking and arranging them in the developing order from viewpoints of paper science. These techniques are classified into two methods, molding and squeezing of pulp (or plant fibers) suspension. In this report developing steps of molding method were observed and discussed. The author propose that the most primitive technique is to disperse a viscous solution dispersed with plant fibers on horizontally supported dry canvas as observed in Yao tribes. The next step is floating mold in which water pools are provided in several ways. Finally floating mold using a shallow vat with legs made it possible to make paper by a standing figure. Further the sallow vat is improved to provide bamboo bars at the edge for putting frames containing wet sheets.

著者

小林 良生

出版者

公益社団法人 日本化学会

雑誌

化学と教育 (ISSN:03862151)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.240-242, 1988-06-20 (Released:2017-07-13)

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和紙と墨は1000年以上の風雪に耐えた記録材料である。実用性からみれば, 近年では冠婚葬祭など特別の行事にしか使用しなくなったが, 芸術のジャンルでは書に活かされている。紙を構成しているセルロースは陸上の植物を鉄筋コンクリートに例えれば鉄筋に相当し, リグニンはコンクリートに当たる。セルロースの中でも最も強靱な靱皮(じんび)繊維を美しく配列して作った紙が和紙である。"どこの国を振り返ってみたとて, こんな味わいの紙には会えない"とは柳宗悦の言葉であるが, この和紙以上の紙は活発な研究開発が行われている新素材を駆使してもできていない。一方, 墨の主要成分である炭素もまた最先端を行く新素材の一つである。白と黒のコントラストのきいたこの二つの記録材料が, なぜ今なおみずみずしい新しさを持ち続けているのか本稿で考えてみよう。

著者

小林 良生

出版者

公益社団法人 精密工学会

雑誌

精密工学会誌 (ISSN:09120289)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, no.4, pp.634-638, 1990-04-05 (Released:2010-02-16)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

1 1

著者

小林 良生

出版者

公益社団法人 日本化学会

雑誌

化学と教育 (ISSN:03862151)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.36, no.3, pp.240-242, 1988

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和紙と墨は1000年以上の風雪に耐えた記録材料である。実用性からみれば, 近年では冠婚葬祭など特別の行事にしか使用しなくなったが, 芸術のジャンルでは書に活かされている。紙を構成しているセルロースは陸上の植物を鉄筋コンクリートに例えれば鉄筋に相当し, リグニンはコンクリートに当たる。セルロースの中でも最も強靱な靱皮(じんび)繊維を美しく配列して作った紙が和紙である。"どこの国を振り返ってみたとて, こんな味わいの紙には会えない"とは柳宗悦の言葉であるが, この和紙以上の紙は活発な研究開発が行われている新素材を駆使してもできていない。一方, 墨の主要成分である炭素もまた最先端を行く新素材の一つである。白と黒のコントラストのきいたこの二つの記録材料が, なぜ今なおみずみずしい新しさを持ち続けているのか本稿で考えてみよう。