著者

廣田 拓

出版者

ロシア・東欧学会

雑誌

ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2001, no.30, pp.129-145, 2001 (Released:2010-05-31)

参考文献数

16

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The main objective of this article is to study the impact of international factors on democratization. After the end of Cold War, both democratic consolidation and a free market-oriented economy have been accepted as universal values in Central Europe. Thus, international actors from the EU, WB, and IMF to Western social organizations, such as foundations, NGOs, and churches launched into democratic assistance. Among them, I focus on the role of Western foundations' assistance that support societies in development and in transitions to establish democratic norms and values.According to existing literature, there are four ideal types of international influence. First, the ideal type is “contagion, ” which implies the demonstration effect. By developing the technology of communication, the experience of democratization in one country spreads to others. The second type represents “consent, ” based on prevalent norms and expectation through some foundations, NGO or international organizations, which enlighten the people who are not accustomed to democratic norms and attitudes. The third, the type of international influence is “control, ” which includes punishments, economic sanctions and rewards given by external forces. They encourage the transformation of a non-democratic into a democratic country. Finally, the fourth type shows “conditionality, ” which intends to make a non-democratic regime restricted by a donor country or some multilateral organization. Currently, this ideal type of international pressure is prevalent throughout the world.Therefore, I pay attention to the role of foundations' assistance through “consent, ” that is why their aid programs include both party-reform, political institution-building and establishing social infrastructure of democracy. These roles of foundations will empower civil society forces to reform the state.In the case of Poland, under Communism for forty years, the Polish state dominated by the Communist party controlled all spheres of social and political life. Thus, transition to democracy means rebuilding civil society, a task which more than sixty Western foundations took part in supporting. Even while the authoritarian regime controlled all state-society relations, some democratic dissidents, like intellectuals and non-official labor unions, could continue to exist under Communist rule, because Western foundations, such as German foundations or NED, had provided democratic aid to Poland through the network of foundations' assistance. In the transition phase, some foundations tried to reform partyorganizations. Others coped with economic problems or provided the social infrastructures of a democratic regime to build civil society. After the transition to democracy, Poland faces obstacles to keep civil society united for cooperation and collective action. As the authoritarian regime is no longer there, the challenge has shifted from cooperating in a common goal of removing old rulers to the functioning of various groups and organizations in civil society. So, the democratic government may experience a democratic competition between the interests and views of each group in the population. In this point, foundations' assistance through “consent, ” can only deal with the difficulty of integrating them in democratic consolidation.Thus, a democracy will be consolidated when democracy becomes routinized and deeply internalized in social, institutional, and even psychological life as well as in calculations for achieving success, through foundations' assistance.

著者

廣田 拓

出版者

日本社会学理論学会

雑誌

現代社会学理論研究 (ISSN:18817467)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, pp.54-66, 2015

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本稿は、イギリスの社会学者A・ギデンズのモダニティ論で言及されている、専門家と非専門家の出会いの場を意味する、「アクセス・ポイント」という概念を検討する一論考である。アクセス・ポイントとは、モダニティを生きる人々が、特定のコンテクストを共有する(専門家などの)集団に所属すると同時に、そこを離れたところでは一般人として生活しているという両義性が顕在化する場でもある。本稿ではこのことを、自他の対面的/非対面的相互行為に現れる人称代名詞の観点から議論している。対面的な相互行為において、自他はともに双方の呼びかけに応答する〈あなた〉として現れると同時に、この関係性は相互了解的な〈ワレワレ〉性を帯びている。他方、各種マス・メディアなどを利用した非対面的な相互行為において、自己は他者を〈彼/彼女〉として対象化する一方で、この他者にとって、自己はその他大勢の中の一人として〈ヒトビト=大衆〉性を帯びて現れる。ギデンズのアクセス・ポイント概念は、こうした〈私〉の中に含まれる〈ワレワレ〉性と〈ヒトビト〉性を結びつける接合点としての意味をもつ。モダニティを生きる諸個人の実存的不安は、その実存の無根拠性を露わにする〈ヒトビト〉性を解消するべく〈ワレワレ〉性に人々を接近させる。ギデンズの議論は、それがモダニティを生きる現実から目を逸らす結果となることに注意を喚起し、この問題を乗り越えるための概念を提示している。