著者
村田 優樹
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.130, no.7, pp.1-39, 2021 (Released:2022-07-20)

本稿では、革命期ロシアで活動した二人の知識人、ミハイロ・フルシェフスキーとボリス・ノリデの学問的・政治的著作と実践政治の分析を通じ、当時の「ウクライナ問題」の展開を、「自治」という国制をめぐる論争という観点から分析した。特に、両者の活動のなかで、歴史研究、評論活動、実践政治が緊密に結びついていたことに注目した。 第一章では、近世にウクライナの地に存在したヘトマン領自治についての二人の研究を扱った。両者は全く異なる問題関心から近世ヘトマン領自治にアプローチしていたが、一六五四年のヘトマン領とモスクワ国家の合同のみならず、一八世紀の自治の廃止まで通時的に論じることで、その歴史学的研究の水準を大いに進展させた。 第二章では、二人による同時代の国制論議を検討した。ウクライナ民族主義者のフルシェフスキーは、ヘトマン領を民族の栄光の歴史の一部とみなし、同様の領域自治を、民族の自然権に依拠して達成することをめざした。他方、ノリデはヘトマン領自治の消滅の歴史を叙述することで、近代主権国家となったロシアの「単一と不可分」を擁護した。両者は専制についての相反する評価にもかかわらず、歴史的権利の原理への専制の非妥協的性格の認識において一致していた。 1917年の二月革命後の時期を扱う第三章では、二人の政治家としてのウクライナ自治問題への関与を考察した。フルシェフスキーは民衆の動員の成功を演出し、臨時政府から自治への譲歩を引き出そうとした。他方、法制審議会の成員としてウクライナ問題を担当したノリデは、国家の単一性を依然として維持しようとした。こうして、ウクライナ自治の問題は、権力の正当性をめぐる対立として展開した。 以上を踏まえ、本稿では、ウクライナ問題の国制論争としての側面を論証したのち、「多民族帝国」の民族問題について、それぞれの社会固有の言説空間がもつ術語や論理構造に注目することが重要であると結論した。
著者
村田 優樹
出版者
ロシア・東欧学会
雑誌
ロシア・東欧研究 (ISSN:13486497)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.2018, no.47, pp.17-34, 2018 (Released:2019-10-08)
参考文献数
48

This article revisit Ukrainian political history in 1918, a year of turmoil, when three different states arose one after another in Kiev: the Ukrainian People’s Republic, the Ukrainian State, and the Directorate. In previous studies, this year is considered as an integral part of the history of the Ukrainian national movement, which struggled to defend the independence achieved by the fourth Universal (declaration) in January 1918 against foreign intervention. According to this national historical narrative, this effort ended in defeat when Ukraine was incorporated into the Soviet Union. In contrast to those studies, the present article claims that the future political status of Ukraine was not yet decided in 1918; not only an independent state, but an autonomous part of the Russian (con-)federation remained one of the political aims of the Ukrainian activists even after the fourth Universal, and that the development of the idea of the future state system of Ukraine considerably depended on the interests of foreign actors. Lacking sufficient military strength, all the Ukrainian states that formed in 1918 needed outside assistance for their own survival. This paper examines the close interrelationship between the choice of the future political status of Ukraine (independence or federation) and the ongoing foreign policy.After the October Revolution in Petrograd, both belligerent powers in World War I came into contact with various local governments in the former Russian imperial territory, aiming to take advantage of them for their own war efforts. The Entente desired the restoration of the strong Russian state as an ally, demanding incorporation of Ukrainian territory into the future federative Russia. The Central Powers, on the other hand, planned to construct a chain of buffer states between Germany and Russia for the security of German and Austrian eastern borders. This geopolitical consideration led to support for an independent Ukrainian state, as one such buffer state.At first, the leaders of the Ukrainian People’s Republic advocated the formation of the democratic federative Russia. Offered more generous support by Germany, however, they declared independence and signed a treaty with the Central Powers in Brest-Litovsk. This pro-German policy was inherited by the Ukrainian State, which replaced the People’s Republic in April 1918. In November, on the final defeat of the Central Powers, however, the Ukrainian State issued a statement that Ukraine should become an autonomous part of the restored federative Russia. The Directorate, the successor of the Ukrainian State, also adopted the pro-federation policy to gain support from the Allies, the winners of the Great War. Thus, the change of perspective on the state system accompanied the change of foreign policy.While the pro-Entente policy failed because of disagreements with Russian Whites, the flexible Ukrainians finally found a third power―the Bolsheviks. The oppositional socialist group in the Directorate received the status of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic as a de-jure sovereign polity within the Soviet Union. In this sense, the establishment of the Soviet Ukraine could not be seen only as a symbol of the defeat of the Ukrainian national movement; rather, it was more or less a product of the federative idea employed by the Ukrainian activists themselves in those revolutionary years.