著者
水間 大輔
出版者
早稲田大学文学部東洋史学専修室
雑誌
史滴 (ISSN:02854643)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.31, pp.28-47, 2009-12-30
著者
水間 大輔
出版者
公益財団法人 史学会
雑誌
史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)
巻号頁・発行日
vol.120, no.2, pp.180-202, 2011-02-20 (Released:2017-12-01)

In Han 漢 wooden strips from Juyan 居延 and Dunhuang 敦煌 there are mentioned officials attached to a houguan 候官 who are referred to as shili 士吏. "Shili" is also mentioned in Qin 秦 bamboo strips from Shuihudi 睡虎地 and Han bamboo strips from Zhangjiashan 張家山, but here most of them appear as county (xian県) officials. In past research it has been assumed that shili similar to those attached to a houguan were also assigned to counties. In a previous article, however, the author has pointed out that county-based shili, unlike the shili attached to a houguan, was not the name of an official post but rather a collective term for a group of officials, and that at the very least, the xiaozhang 校長, or head, of a local police station (ting帝) was included among these officials. This article examines what sort of officials were actually designated as this group of county officials known as shili. After an analysis of examples of the use of shili with reference to counties, the author concludes that they were officials who met at least all of the following six conditions: (1) they were under the command of the county defender (xianwei県尉) ; (2) they had jurisdiction over a district; (3) their responsibilities consisted of military duties and police work; (4) in places at some distance from the county office, they were authorized to hear legal charges and complaints, and accept voluntary surrenders to the authorities; (5) their duties included the dispatch of manpower to meet state needs; and (6) they had to be junior subalterns (shaoli小吏) other than those known as sefu 嗇夫. According to these conditions shili might also have subsumed such officials as jiazou 駕〓, maozhang 〓長 and hou 候. The officials subsumed under county-based shili had in common duties (3)-(5) mentioned above; and (3), in particular, involved patrols and the pursuit and arrest of criminals. It is already known that the duties of county defenders included military affairs and police work, and it is evident that these duties were discharged primarily through shili. The last instance of the word shili used as a collective term is found in the Ernian Luling 二年律令 codes. The author surmises from this disappearance that because of growing domestic stability, the military preparedness of counties was thereafter gradually scaled down, and the majority of official posts included among shili were abolished. Therefore, shili as a collective term was no longer needed and fell into disuse.
著者
水間 大輔
出版者
早稲田大学
雑誌
特別研究員奨励費
巻号頁・発行日
2006

本研究は中国古代の秦・漢において、いかなる防犯体制及び刑事手続体制が設けられていたのかを検討し、当時の国家が犯罪の予防をどのように実現させようとしていたのかを明らかにすることを目的とする。平成20年度は犯罪の捜査から、逮捕・取調べ・裁判を経て、刑罰の執行に至るまで、いかなる手続が設けられていたのかを明らかにしようと試みた。具体的には、(1)各手続の名称及びその内容、(2)各手続の際に作成される文書の名称及びその伝達、(3)各手続をいかなる者が担っていたのか、などの問題を中心に検討した。如上の問題を検討するため、秦律・漢律(秦・漢で行われていた法律)及び関連する史料の中から、刑事手続に関する史料を抽出して分析を加えた。秦律・漢律に関する史料は近年中国で出土した竹簡・木牘が中心となるので、それらを分析したり、あるいは中国の博物館へ赴いて実見したりした。さらに、秦・漢の刑事手続制度を後世の唐代以降の制度と比較することによって、秦・漢の刑事手続制加が前近代中国の中でも相対的にいかなる性質を有するものであったのかを把握するよう努めた。以上の検討、及びこの三年間の検討を通して、秦・漢の県における防犯体制及び刑事手続制度の全体像が明らかになった。それによると、秦・漢では地方の末端に至るまで、防犯と刑事手続を担う機関が設置されていた。また、裁判は県以上の機関によって行われるのが原則であったが、一部の郷・亭でも裁判を行う権限があったこと、県でも死刑判決が下せたことなど、秦・漢の刑事手続制度は唐代以降と比べると、地方機関の権限が大きかった。それゆえ、秦・漢では犯罪の予防をより強く地方へ浸透させる体制になっていたといえる。