著者

牛谷 智一 後藤 和宏

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.103-109, 2008

著者

後藤 和宏 牛谷 智一

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.77-85, 2008

著者

後藤 和宏 牛谷 智一

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.77-85, 2008 (Released:2008-06-27)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

1

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The purpose of this article was to address issues on what the role of species comparison is for the studies of animal psychology. Whereas some people think that the comparison has a critical role in their approaches, others do not. We classify these two groups of people as evolutionists and generalists, respectively. In the evolutionary approach, different species are compared to examine correlations between specific selective pressures (such as caching food) and cognitive abilities (such as spatial learning) in animals. In contrast, different species of animals are compared to examine universal principles of learning in the generalist approach. Although the generalists' ideas of the “universal” principles of learning provide parsimonious explanations of animals' behavior, they tend to underestimate influences of selective pressures on learning and cognition. We therefore propose a new framework for the study of animal learning and cognition; it is based on the evolutionary approach and examines ultimate causes of diversities of learning and cognition but includes ideas of generalists' approaches to explain proximate causes.

著者

牛谷 智一 後藤 和宏

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.1, pp.43-44, 2008 (Released:2008-06-27)

参考文献数

3

被引用文献数

1

著者

関口 勝夫 牛谷 智一 実森 正子

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.61, no.1, pp.95-105, 2011 (Released:2011-07-15)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

1 1

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Two experiments investigated the processing of global and local information by pigeons. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained to discriminate four hierarchical stimuli composed of two letters at global level and two other letters at local level. Color frames predicted the level to be tested in the subsequent two-alternative forced-choice test. The pigeons learned to discriminate the global/local compound stimuli and then showed successful transfer to the stimuli composed of novel letters that were irrelevant to the subsequent test. In Experiment 2, new pigeons were trained with the stimuli that had relevant letters only at one level. The local-relevant and global-relevant stimuli appeared in alternating daily sessions, so that the daily context allowed attention to be directed to the appropriate level. Performances on probe trials for the familiar training stimuli and novel global/local compound stimuli were compared under the context-consistent and context-inconsistent conditions. The tests revealed a cognitive precedence for local information of the compound stimuli.

著者

関口 勝夫 牛谷 智一 澤 幸祐

出版者

THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.69.2.1, (Released:2019-04-15)

参考文献数

22

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We review use of multiple landmarks in navigational behavior by humans and nonhuman animals focusing on three important aspects of spatial learning and cognition: Cognitive map, spatial integration, and configuration of multiple landmarks. Animals use multiple strategies for spatial navigation rather than a single strategy and flexibly choose an appropriate strategy in accordance with each environmental condition. Concerning the goal searching in humans, for example, whether it is based on information from multiple landmarks or from just one landmark would depend on the salience of the landmarks. Our conclusion is that it is more important what strategies or spatial information animals choose under what conditions than whether or not they have and use the strategies.

著者

牛谷 智一 後藤 和宏

出版者

日本動物心理学会

雑誌

動物心理学研究 (ISSN:09168419)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.103-109, 2008 (Released:2008-12-24)

参考文献数

25

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In our target article published in the latest special issue of the Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology, we proposed a new framework of species comparison for studies of animal psychology in which the generalist and evolutionist approaches were incorporated. The 13 open peer commentaries to the target article, the pros and cons, provided valuable criticisms on our proposal. Although generalists were skeptical of scientific validity of the evolutionist approach due to its difficulty of experimental examination, we think that species comparison allows us to test evolutionist hypotheses with regard to adaptive values (ultimate causes) of certain psychological processes in a falsifiable manner. In the present paper, we reemphasized that species comparison has a critical role in studies of animal psychology and that the examination of ultimate cause is as important as that of proximate causes of psychological processes.