著者

矢ヶ崎 典隆

出版者

Tokyo Geographical Society

雑誌

地学雑誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.89, no.3, pp.149-166, 1980-06-25 (Released:2010-10-13)

参考文献数

76

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Japanese immigrant agriculturists on the west coast of the United States in the pre-World War II period enjoyed a highly competitive position with their small but labor intensive operations even under social conditions that often discouraged their activities. One of the biggest factors in their competitive success in agriculture was their organizational effectiveness. Ethnic solidarity was maintained by first generation immigrants of most ethnic backgrounds both in fraternal and economic activities and they tended to cluster geographically and by occupation. But the Japanese agriculturists developed especially tight and efficient organizations to meet special needs and to protect themselves in this new and unaccustomed environment.The present paper describes and analyzes the development of Japanese floriculture in the San Francisco Bay Area from its beginnings in the late nineteenth century to the World War II relocation of the Japanese, with special emphasis on grower organizations as a key factor in their success.The early pioneering efforts and success of the immigrants, who were mostly of rural background, invited the participation of other Japanese in commercial flower production. The mild climatic conditions of the Bay Area, especially the absense of temperature extremes, were favorable for cut flower production, and the rapidly growing population created an increasing demand. Although two other ethnic groups, Italians and Chinese, were already in the business when the Japanese first started to grow flowers commercially, the industry itself was not fully organized. The Japanese thus moved into a niche that was waiting to be filled.In the early period the Japanese flower growers were mainly located in the East Bay region, producing carnations, roses and chrysanthemums in greenhouses. Marketing of flowers was undertaken on an individual basis, peddling them from wicker or bamboo baskets carried on the back or by opening flower stands on busy streets, which was generally inefficient and time consuming. As the number of growers increased and production expanded, intense competition developed among them. Gradually they became aware of a need for their own trade organization and marketing facility.

著者

斎藤 功 矢ヶ崎 典隆

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan, Series B (ISSN:02896001)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.60, no.1, pp.66-82, 1987-06-30 (Released:2008-12-25)

参考文献数

20

被引用文献数

3 3

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ブラジル北東部は伝統的に海岸部のサトウキビ地帯,内陸部のセルトン(半乾燥地域の粗放的牧畜地帯)および両者の漸移地帯のアグレステに区分されてきた.しかし,その区分の指標は必ずしも明確ではない. 本稿ではパライバ州の海岸部カーボブランコから内陸部のパトスまで,ほぼ東西に10km(海岸部は5km)ごとに1km2の調査地点35カ所を選定し,土地利用調査を実施した。つまり,1km2内の栽培作物,果樹,牧場の形態等を記載する集約的調査と地形,牧柵,残象作物等の景観観察を併用することによって,東西270kmにわたる土地利用の地帯的変化を明らかにすることを目的とした. その結果,海岸部はジョアンペソアの都市化地区,タブレイロスのサトウキビ栽培地区,パッチ状タブレイロスの根茎作物栽培地区の3地区に区分された.また,アグレステは地形性凹地・トウモロコシ・フェジョン・綿花栽培・パークランド型牧場地区,地形性多雨・トウモロコシ・フェジョン・サバナ型牧場地区,密生有刺潅木林牧場地区に区分された。さらに,粗放的牧畜によって特色づけられるセルトンは,疎生有刺潅木林のボルボレマ高地区とパトス盆地地区に区分された.したがって,全体的にみるとパライバ州の農業的土地利用は,景観的にも8つの農業地区から成立していることが明らかになった. 以上の結果は家畜飼養と栽培作物のムニシピオ別統計分析および道路脇の小商品農産物の直売店の観察からも裏付けられた.

著者

矢ヶ崎 典隆 斎藤 功 マーラー キース

出版者

横浜国立大学

雑誌

横浜国立大学人文紀要. 第一類, 哲学・社会科学 (ISSN:05135621)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, pp.71-98, 1989-10-31

著者

斎藤 功 矢ヶ崎 典隆

出版者

学術雑誌目次速報データベース由来

雑誌

地學雜誌 (ISSN:0022135X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.110, no.3, pp.293-313, 2001

被引用文献数

2

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Covered with short grass and bushes and called llano estacado by Spanish explorers, the Texas Panhandle constitutes the southern part of the American High Plains. Following the decline of the open range cattle industry in the late nineteenth century, large-scale cattle ranches appeared, such as LIT, LS, and XIT. Irrigation has rapidly expanded in the region during the past fifty years. It supports production of corn and grain sorghum (milo) in the flat plains of the northern Panhandle and wheat and cotton in the southern Panhandle. Cattle ranches still dominate in the undulating and sloping country of the Canadian River valley. This paper examines the nature of cattle ranching in the Texas Panhandle during the age of irrigation that promoted differentiation of land use.<BR>Hartley and Oldham counties are chosen for our intensive field study. Large-scale ranches are identified on the map using farm plats, topographic maps, and aerial photographs. They vary in size, from family-operated ranches of 2, 000 hectares to corporate ranches exceeding 40, 000 hectares. Historic ranch names such as LIT and LS are still maintained by contemporary owners. The cow-calf operation is still the basic method in this region, while some beef cattle ranches, not owning cows, depend on purchased yearlings. Others combine cow-calf operations with raising yearlings. As a single animal is given 12 hectares of pasture, 150 to 200 head are grazed on a 4, 000 hectares ranch. Calves born on the ranch during the spring are sold at livestock auctions in Dalhart and Amarillo to farmers, who graze them in wheat fields during the winter. In March, farmers sell their yearlings weighing around 200 kilograms at livestock auctions to ranchers. After being grazed on pasture and reaching 300 kilograms in the fall, they are finally sold to the neighboring feedlots for finishing. Therefore, cattle transactions at the Dalhart livestock auction have peak periods in March and October.<BR>The Texas Panhandle has a concentration of feedlots. They fatten two-year old cattle weighing 300 kilograms for four months until they reach 570 kilograms. They are large-scale commercial feeders, with the largest raising 85, 000 head. Agribusiness companies such as Continental Grain and Cargill operate large feedlots. Some local feedlot owners operate large ranches in order to secure a supply of cattle. Large beef packing plants are also concentrated in the Texas Panhandle for processing locally finished beef cattle.<BR>Beef packers, feedlots, ranches and wheat growers of the Texas Panhandle are interrelated, taking advantage of the groundwater resources of Ogallala Aquifer. Cattle ranches are the basis of the feedlot and beef-packing industries, while they depend on local wheat growers for winter grazing. Unlike the cattle industry in the late nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century, contemporary cattle-ranching industry in the Texas Panhandle represents a regional change that took place in the American High Plains in response to the opportunities offered by groundwater exploitation.