著者

矢口 直英

出版者

一般社団法人 日本オリエント学会

雑誌

オリエント (ISSN:00305219)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.54, no.1, pp.120-138, 2011-09-30 (Released:2015-02-27)

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This article examines the medieval Islamic understanding of the workings of the brain as represented in Hunayn ibn Ishaq’s (d. 873) Questions on Medicine and the eleventh-century commentary on that work by Ibn Abī Ṣādiq al-Naysābūrī. Medieval Islamic physicians classified the human faculties into three categories: natural, animal, and psychic. They further subdivided the psychic faculties into those of voluntary movement, sensation, and psychic activities proper (including imagination, cogitation, and memory), and ascribed these faculties to the workings of the brain. Like other Islamic physicians, Ibn Abī Ṣādiq knew that movement and sensation required nerves, and the brain with which the nerves are connected. He posited a fine substance called the “psychic pneuma” (rūḥ nafsānīya) as the medium for movement and sensation, and movement and sensation were explained in terms of the mechanical operation of this matter. Being a material process, movement, according to him, requires tough nerves to transmit its power to the organs which are to be moved, whereas sensation, which is thought of as the imprinting of the images of the sensed objects, requires nerves that are tender. Psychic activities were also interpreted as an operation of psychic pneuma in the brain. For these activities were reckoned among the psychic faculties together with movement and sensation. Since the processes of these activities differ, these faculties have different seats in the brain which are of different qualities. For its part, the quality of the matter “pneuma” was believed to affect the quality of these faculties. Thus, Ibn Abī Ṣādiq formed a mechanistic theory of psychic faculties, which was in line with the tripartite theory of brain in Greek medicine. But, unlike the Greeks, he emphasised the materiality of brain and pneumata, and so it seems that he intended to establish the link of brain and mind.

著者

スィーナー イブン 小林 春夫 加藤 瑞絵 矢口 直英

出版者

早稲田大学イスラーム地域研究機構

雑誌

イスラーム地域研究ジャーナル (ISSN:1883597X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, pp.107-117, 2016

著者

矢口 直英

出版者

一般社団法人 日本オリエント学会

雑誌

オリエント (ISSN:00305219)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.211-223, 2016-03-31 (Released:2019-04-01)

参考文献数

27

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While Questions on Medicine (Al-Masāˀil fī al-ṭibb) is generally known as a work of Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq (d. 873), sources inform us that it was completed by his nephew and pupil Ḥubaysh ibn al-Ḥasan who made the additions that now comprise the latter part of the work. An important question that remains unanswered is where exactly the additions by Ḥubaysh begin. This article attempts to shed some light on this question through an examination of the structure and the sources of the sixth chapter of the work, the last question of which has traditionally been held to be where the additions by Ḥubaysh start.   The author of Chapter Six uses arguments taken from Galen and the Alexandrian Compendia (Jawāmiˁ) of Galenic works. The first part of the chapter contains sentences that closely parallel the summary of Galen's On the Temperament, Book III, as found in the Jawāmiˁ. The second part is composed essentially of citations from Galen's On the Properties of Simple Medicaments, Books I and IV. The close resemblance of this part to the Galenic treatise suggests that the author wrote it by translating the Greek text himself. The rest of the chapter, with the exception of the last question, is heavily dependent on On the Composition of Medicaments according to Kind, Books I and II.   The style of argument in the chapter is different from the question-and-answer style used in the earlier chapters. The contents of the chapter closely reflect those of the above-mentioned pharmaceutical works of Galen. The expressions used in this chapter are characteristic of Ḥubaysh There is also a tradition that tells us that Ḥubaysh's contribution begins in the middle of Chapter Five. These considerations lead us to conclude that Chapter Six of Questions on Medicine was written by Ḥubaysh and not by Ḥunayn.

著者

矢口 直英

出版者

京都大学イスラーム地域研究センター

雑誌

イスラーム世界研究 : Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies (ISSN:18818323)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.3, no.2, pp.416-477, 2010-03

著者

矢口 直英

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, no.263, pp.129-137, 2012 (Released:2021-07-20)

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It is often stated that physicians in medieval Islam followed Galen in assuming that there were three kinds of pneumata (psychic, vital and natural) in human beings. This article examines the concept of the third kind of pneuma, the natural pneuma (ruh tabi i), in the medical theory of Ibn Sina (d. 1037). The examination of his medical works reveals that while Ibn SinS had some clear ideas about the workings of the vital and psychic pneumata, he proposed no definite theory of the natural pneuma. He refers only very rarely to the natural pneuma in his Canon of Medicine, Poem of Medicine and On Cardiac Medicaments, and in those few instances the natural pneuma is explained simply as being parallel to the other two pneumata in that it has its seat in a specific organ, is distributed through a specific passage, and gives rise to a specific faculty, namely that it is located in the liver, travels through veins, and gives rise to the natural faculty, just as the vital pneuma, with its source in the heart, travels through the arteries to give rise to the vital faculty, and the psychic pneuma, with its source in the brain, travels through the nerves to give rise to the psychic faculty. In sum, in the medical thought of Ibn Sina, the natural pneuma exists merely as a parallel to the other two pneumata, so as to ensure the existence of a triadic system in the human body.

著者

矢口 直英

出版者

慶應義塾大学言語文化研究所

雑誌

慶應義塾大学言語文化研究所紀要 (ISSN:03873013)

巻号頁・発行日

no.51, pp.287-304, 2020-03

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Ⅰ. はじめにⅡ. 翻訳研究ノート

著者

矢口 直英

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.57, no.288, pp.250-265, 2019 (Released:2021-01-24)

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The astronomer, physician, philosopher, Quṭb al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī (d. 1311), known as the author of Commentary on the Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sīnā (d. 1037), wrote a short treatise on medical ethics, Explanation of the Need for Medicine and Physicians. In this article, I elucidate how Shīrāzī explained the need for medicine, and point out the characteristic of his argument. In Chapter One of the work, Shīrāzī argued for the need for medicine on the basis of both the rational and the traditional argument. The rational argument derived from Greek philosophy. In the traditional argument, on the other hand, he cited Qur'an and a number of the Prophetic sayings and deeds (ḥadīth), and concluded that medicine is a duty of the whole community of Muslims. The characteristic of this latter type of argument can be illuminated by comparing Shīrāzīʼs treatise with those of his predecessors. First, some texts in the genre of “Prophetic medicine” collected medical knowledge for believers, but did not discuss extensively the need or legitimacy of medicine. Second, treatises on medical ethics written before Shīrāzīʼs did not argue for the need for medicine on the basis of Islamic tradition. This contrast demonstrates that Shīrāzī deliberately departed from his predecessors in making his traditional side of argument.

著者

矢口 直英

出版者

日本オリエント学会

雑誌

オリエント = Bulletin of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan (ISSN:00305219)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.58, no.2, pp.211-223, 2015

著者

スィーナー イブン 小林 春夫 加藤 瑞絵 矢口 直英

出版者

早稲田大学イスラーム地域研究機構

雑誌

イスラーム地域研究ジャーナル (ISSN:1883597X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.77-86, 2015

著者

スィーナー イブン 小林 春夫 加藤 瑞絵 矢口 直英

出版者

早稲田大学イスラーム地域研究機構

雑誌

イスラーム地域研究ジャーナル (ISSN:1883597X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, pp.77-86, 2015