著者

森山 修治 長谷見 雄二 小川 純子 佐野 友紀 神 忠久 蛇石 貴宏

出版者

日本建築学会

雑誌

日本建築学会環境系論文集 (ISSN:13480685)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.74, no.637, pp.233-240, 2009-03-30 (Released:2009-11-24)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

4 5

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In view of the rapid large scale development of underground in the central big cities, especially around terminal stations, evacuation experiments have been conducted with 79 subjects using an underground shopping mall near Tokyo Station actually in service after business hours. Four groups of 20 subjects started from different locations and time to “escape” from any of emergency exits was measured for each subject. 12 out of the 79 subjects wore elderly simulator to compare evacuation behavior of elderly and that of younger people. The evacuation behavior was also monitored by video cameras and escape route of each subject was reproduced afterwards. Five experiments were conducted using the lighting conditions and layout of emergency exits as parameters. The starting point was changed from experiment to experiment, not making any subject repeat similar selection of escape route. The shopping mall is composed of grid of passages, and is installed with escape route sign lights on every passage according to Fire Service Law. In every experiment, it was observed that considerable portion of subjects did not select right passage toward nearest exit at intersection nor passed over right exits. These are not compliant with widely accepted assumption for deterministic modeling of evacuation in mall-like facility. Factors dictating the probability to select right passage at intersections and that to recognize emergency exit are analyzed from the experimental data.

著者

神 忠久 熊野 陽平

出版者

Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering

雑誌

日本火災学会論文集 (ISSN:05460794)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.28, no.1, pp.7-12, 1978 (Released:2013-01-11)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

1

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Infrared extinction spectra in the 2-12 μm region have been obtained for smokes of wood, polystyrene foam, polyvinyl chloride and kerosene. Spectra were found to depend on smoke generating condition (smouldering of flaming) rather than on the sort of combustibles. In the 2-5 μm region, extinction coefficients for white smokes from smouldering solid combustibles were inversely proportional to the cube or fourth power of wavelength, while those for black smokes by flaming combustion were approximately proportional to the inverse of wavelength. In the 5-12 μm region, the extinction characteristics showed some irregularities probably due to selective absorption by water vapour and other gaseous combustion products. Experimental results with smouldering smokes were compared to calculated extinction characteristics based on the Mie theory to estimate smoke particle sizes. These were, in diameter, 1.2-1.3 μm for wood, 0.6-0.7 μm for polystyrene foam, and 0.7-0.8 μm for polyvinyl chloride, and were in good agreement with values formerly obtained by sedimentation method.

著者

神 忠久

出版者

Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering

雑誌

日本火災学会論文集 (ISSN:05460794)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.19, no.2, pp.1-8, 1970 (Released:2013-06-18)

被引用文献数

1

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A smoke chamber is designed to perform the measurement of visibility through fire smoke (see Fig.3). The chamber is provided with an illumination apparatus and two kinds of sign. One of the signs is the placard and the other is the lighted sign which is backlighted with a projector. The brightness of the lighted sign can be controlled freely, and that of the placard can be set in four stages. Nearly white smoke is generated by heating filter-paper in an electric furnace.Experiments were performed to get the relation among the brightness of sign, the visual distance, and the extinction coefficient of smoke in the instant of obscuration threshold. In this case the distances the between observer and the object were 5.5 m, 10.5 m, and 15.5 m.The extinction coefficient (σ) in the instant of obscuration threshold may be theoretically given byσ≒1/V ln BE0/δckL ………(1)where V ; Visual distanceBE0 ; Brightness of signδc ; Threshold of brightness-contrast (δc≒0.01 under the condition of general illumination)L ; Intensity of external light (Illumination)k=σs/σ (Ratio depending on the nature of smoke, k≒1 for nearly white smoke)σs ; Mean light-scattering coefficientFrom Eq. (1), the extinction coefficient in the instant of obscuration threshold is logarithmically proportional to the brightness of sign for a given smoke (nearly white smoke), a given intensity of external light, and a given visual distance. If the dimensionless brightness (BE0/L) is constant, the relation between σ and V is given byσ · V ≒ const.The results of experiment are shown in Fig.4~Fig.12 The agreement between the results and the theoretical values calculated from Eq. (1) concerning the brightness of sign is good as shown in Fig.11. The visibility of the placard is about (2~4)/σ and that of the lighted sign is about (5~10)/σ.In the case of escape through real fire smoke, the visibility should be lower than that of experiment, because the effects of physiology and psychology must be considered.