著者

福井 重雅

出版者

東洋史研究會

雑誌

東洋史研究 (ISSN:03869059)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.1, pp.24-57, 1975-06-30

著者

福井 重雅

出版者

東洋史研究會

雑誌

東洋史研究 (ISSN:03869059)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.3, pp.433-459, 1984-12-31

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Centering around the degree of Xianliang fangzheng, this article deals with the system of officials' appointment of the Han Dynasty. First one must pay attention to the fact that all those eligible capable of recommending persons for appointment as officials for official examination were called "nobles" (gongqing 公卿), whereas those who had taken the examination were named 'officials" (shidafu 士大夫), and try to understand the difference between these two groups properly. As a result we may state that the examination system of the Han was structured according to income : those above 2, 000 shi 石 were the "nobles", those below to 400 shi were mere "gentlemen" (shi 士), and those between equivalent to 600 and 1, 000 shi were "officers" (dafu 大夫). Its aim was to promote people from the position of the gentlemen to that of officers. Looking therefore at the Han Dynasty system of official selection from this angle, the Zhou hierarchy of nobles, officers, and gentlemen is strongly noticeable. However, if we scrutinize the historical data very carefully, we realize that one must not overlook the existence of a particular Han element arising as a reaction to the imperial despotic government. That is, the examination system can on the one hand be seen on the ideological background of the Zhou system, on the other hand, one must consider the possibility that it developed in the wake of a centralized administration which began at that time, and as such represents a new method of recruiting men of talent. Holding the two elements of tradition and realism in a subtle balance and preserving them through ingenious managing, the selection of Xianliang fangzheng under the Han dynasty grew gradually into a fixated examination system. This, I think, was the most important cause for the examination system.

著者

福井 重雅

出版者

山川出版社

雑誌

史学雑誌 (ISSN:00182478)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.76, no.1, pp.1-34, 1967-01

著者

福井 重雅

出版者

東京大学東洋文化研究所

雑誌

東洋文化研究所紀要 (ISSN:05638089)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.93, pp.1-31, 1983-11

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In Han China there were a number of civil service examination systems, one of which was called 賢良方正, Hsien-liang Fang-cheng (capable/good and sincere/uprignt) as a special recruitment system.In comparison to China's famous examination systems in later times, the Han systems have been studied so poorly and incompletely that by now they are still ambiguous and open to further question.The author in this article at-tempts to clarify mainly the special recruitment system, Hsien-liang Fang-cheng, by means of analyzing the criteria of official promotion.The bureaucracy of the Han times consisted of the 15 ranks of officials, covering from the fief-holders of 万石, wan-shih (10,000 bushels), to those of 百石, po-shih (100 bushels).The right to recommend competent can-didates for government offices was restricted to the supreme officials,ranking over the fief-holders of 比二千石, pi-erh-ch'ien-shih (equivalent to 2,000 bushels).These supreme officials were thus to promote the positions of lower officials, ranking 四百石, ssu-po-shih (400 bushels), and below, to those of higher officials, ranking 比六百石, pi-lu-po-shih (equivalent to 600 bushels), and above.It was, therefore, one of the aims and characteristics of the special recruitment system of the Han dynasties to raise and reform the lower-grade to the upper-grade personnels of government offices.Centering on this issue, he also discusses some indispensable problems associated with the officialdom in general and civil service examination systems of Han China