著者

藤井 隆至

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

no.31, pp.p45-71, 1991-03

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This research is concerned with Kunio Yanagita in his infancy and childhood as a key to understand his critical mind that queried 'Why are the peasants so poor?' which is said to have motivated him to found Japanese folklore later.Yanagita spent his infancy and childhood in Tsujikawa-mura, Kanzaki-gun in Hyogo Prefecture. What bearing did the days in Tsujikawa have on him in forming his later ideas?Bunzo Hashikawa, as one of the attempts to identify the type of bearing, focus in his research on Yanagita's particular "experience" he had in his infancy and childhood. Hashikawa asserts that Yanagita's unusual "experience" had a significant meaning on the formation of Yanagia's folkloristic inclination.Different from the standpoint taken by Hashikawa, this research takes the standpoint of Yanagita's "routine life" in his infancy and childhood as more significant for molding his patterns of thought, and thus focus on the economic aspect of his household.Analysis was first made on his father's professional life, revealing that it was his father's main concern that he should maintain the "survival of his family" on his meager income from his occasional jobs as a temporarily-employed school teacher. Investigation then was made on the life of Yanagita's elder brother, whose main concern was the "rebuilding of his family." He had first served as a local school principal but, because of the income problem, later became a doctor and finally spent his later years on education of his brothers.Final analysis was made on Yanagita's position as a "marginal man"; he was the second son but also acted like the first son in the poor household for which his brother had to work early, and he was a descendant of a farming family but was not a farmer himself in the farming village. His unique position enabled him to observe the problems of the household and the village from an objective point of view.As a conclusion, the results of research point out that Yanagita was in a position to seriously observe the poverty problems of the household as well as the village, causing him in his later years to take on the cause of poverty as his lifelong subject of research.

著者

藤井 隆至

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.31, pp.45-71, 1991-03-30

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This research is concerned with Kunio Yanagita in his infancy and childhood as a key to understand his critical mind that queried ‘Why are the peasants so poor?’ which is said to have motivated him to found Japanese folklore later.Yanagita spent his infancy and childhood in Tsujikawa-mura, Kanzaki-gun in Hyogo Prefecture. What bearing did the days in Tsujikawa have on him in forming his later ideas?Bunzo Hashikawa, as one of the attempts to identify the type of bearing, focus in his research on Yanagita's particular “experience” he had in his infancy and childhood. Hashikawa asserts that Yanagita's unusual “experience” had a significant meaning on the formation of Yanagia's folkloristic inclination.Different from the standpoint taken by Hashikawa, this research takes the standpoint of Yanagita's “routine life” in his infancy and childhood as more significant for molding his patterns of thought, and thus focus on the economic aspect of his household.Analysis was first made on his father's professional life, revealing that it was his father's main concern that he should maintain the “survival of his family” on his meager income from his occasional jobs as a temporarily-employed school teacher. Investigation then was made on the life of Yanagita's elder brother, whose main concern was the “rebuilding of his family.” He had first served as a local school principal but, because of the income problem, later became a doctor and finally spent his later years on education of his brothers.Final analysis was made on Yanagita's position as a “marginal man”; he was the second son but also acted like the first son in the poor household for which his brother had to work early, and he was a descendant of a farming family but was not a farmer himself in the farming village. His unique position enabled him to observe the problems of the household and the village from an objective point of view.As a conclusion, the results of research point out that Yanagita was in a position to seriously observe the poverty problems of the household as well as the village, causing him in his later years to take on the cause of poverty as his lifelong subject of research.

著者

藤井 隆至

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

no.51, pp.p259-290, 1993-11

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本稿は,雑誌『郷土研究』がどのような主題をもち,どのような方法でその主題を分析していったかを解明する。この雑誌は1913年から1917年にかけて発行された月刊誌で,柳田国男はここを拠点にして民間伝承を収集したり自分の論文を発表したりする場としていた。南方熊楠からの質問に対して,この雑誌を「農村生活誌」の雑誌と自己規定していたが,それでは「農村生活誌」とは何を意味するのであろうか。彼によれば,論文「巫女考」はその「農村生活誌」の具体例であるという。筆者の見解では,「巫女考」の主題は農村各地にみられる差別問題を考究する点に存していた。死者の口寄せをおこなうミコは村人から低くみられていたけれども,柳田はミコの歴史的系譜をさかのぼることによって,「固有信仰」にあってミコは神の子であり,村人から尊敬されていた宗教家で,その「固有信仰」が「零落」するとともに差別されるようになっていったという説を提出している。差別の原因は差別する側にあり,したがって差別を消滅させるためには,すべての国民が「固有信仰」を「自己認識」する必要があるのであった。その説を彼は「比較研究法」という方法論で導きだしていた。その方法論となったものは,認識法としては「実験」(実際の経験の意)と「同情」(共感の意)であり,少年期から学んでいた和歌や学生時代から本格的に勉強していた西欧文学をもとにして彼が組み立ててきた認識の方法である。もう一つの方法論は論理構成の方法で,帰納法がそれであるが,数多くの民間伝承を「比較」することで「法則」を発見しようとする方法である。こうした方法論を駆使することによって彼は差別問題が生起する原因を探究していったが,彼の意見では,差別問題を消滅させることは国民すべての課題でなければならなかった。換言すれば,ミコの口寄せを警察の力で禁止しても差別が消滅するわけではなく,差別する側がミコの歴史を十分に理解することが必要なのであった。This paper elucidates what were the main subjects handed by the journal "Kyōdo Kenkyū (Studies of native lands)", and by what methods the subjects were analyzed. The "Kyōdo Kenkyū" was a monthly review issued from 1913 to 1917, which Yanagita Kunio used as a base for collecting folk tales and publishing his theses. In reply to a question posed by Minakata Kumagusu, he defined the periodical as a "journal of life in farming villages". Then, what did a "journal of life in farming villages" mean? According to Yanagita, his paper entitled "Study on Psychic Mediums" was a concrete example of the "journal of life in farming villages".In the opinion of the author, the main theme of his "Study on Psychic Mediums" lay in the examination of the problem of discrimination which was seen in farming villages everywhere. Mediums, who performed necromancy with the dead, were looked down upon by village people. However, tracing their historical lineage, Yanagita argued that mediums had been the children of gods in "the native belief", and religionists looked up to by village people, but came to be discriminated against as "the native belief" "went to ruin". The cause of the discrimination lay with the discriminators, and so, in order to eliminate discrimination, the whole nation should "realize for themselves" "the native belief".He came to this opinion by a methodology called "comparative study". The methodology came as epistemology from "jikken (actual experience)" and "dōjō (sympathy)" and was a method of understanding he built up based on the Japanese poems that he had studied since he was a boy, and the West-European literature he had studied earnestly since he was a student. Another methodology was the method of logical construction or the inductive method. It was a method to try to discover "rules" by the "comparison" of many folk tales.Making full use of these methodologies, Yanagita searched for causes from which the problem of discrimination arose. In his opinion, elimination of the problem of discrimination had to be a subject tackled by the whole nation. In other words, discrimination could not have been eliminated simply by the prohibition of necromancy by police power; a full understanding of the history of mediums on the part of the discriminators was essential.

著者

藤井 隆至

出版者

経済学史学会

雑誌

経済学史研究 (ISSN:18803164)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.49, no.2, pp.84-85, 2007-12-25 (Released:2010-08-05)

著者

藤井 隆至

出版者

The Japanese Society for the History of Economic Thought

雑誌

経済学史学会年報 (ISSN:04534786)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.45, pp.55-65, 2004 (Released:2010-08-05)

参考文献数

108

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The third report in the present series, this paper offers an analysis of important recent studies (from 1980 to the present) of Japanese economic policy and thought in the 1910's and 20's.The economy of Japan following WWI can be described particularly in terms of its emphases on scientific development and industrial production. However, this progress in industrial development led to the appearance of a widened gap between rich and poor, and one of the major issues concerning the economic thought of the time was how to improve the lot of the poorer levels of society, including workers, farmers and city dwellers.Research in the field of economics during the 1910's and 20's had as one of its focal points the attempt to alleviate this exaggerated difference between the haves and havenots. The economics of the Association for the Study of Social Policy attempted to reduce the gap between rich and poor through the implementation at a national level of specific social policies. The ineffectiveness of these policies, however, resulted in a lack of faith in the ability of the Association to do anything about the situation in a concrete way.The crumbling of the economic policies associated with this Association for the Study of Social Policy allowed for the appearance new approaches, such as the Neoclassical economics of Tokuzo Fukuda and the Marxist economics of Hajime Kawakami.The present study introduces the work of Kanae Iida and Kanji Kobayashi. Seeking an approach to the study of economics based on firmly-grounded economic theories, this paper presents and comments on the work of Kanae Iida, Mikio Nishioka, Takutoshi Inoue, Tamotsu Nishizawa, Hideomi Tanaka, who themselves each analyzed the ideas of Tokuzo Fukuda. It also introduces and comments on the work of Shiro Sugihara, who investigated the thought of Hajime Kawakami.This paper also presents the research of Kunio Yanagita, and comments on the ideas of Yoshiteru Iwamoto and Takashi Fujii, with a particular emphasis on the idea that a suitable ethical policy is critical to the success of any given economic policy.Finally, this paper reports a decline, dating from the 1980's to the present day, in the number of studies of particular economic questions and problems, accompanied by a corresponding increase in research on historical individuals. However, it suggests that the work of Aiko Ikeo and others seems to be slowly bringing about a return to a question-centered focus.

著者

藤井 隆至

出版者

国立歴史民俗博物館

雑誌

国立歴史民俗博物館研究報告 = Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History (ISSN:02867400)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.51, pp.259-290, 1993-11-10

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本稿は,雑誌『郷土研究』がどのような主題をもち,どのような方法でその主題を分析していったかを解明する。この雑誌は1913年から1917年にかけて発行された月刊誌で,柳田国男はここを拠点にして民間伝承を収集したり自分の論文を発表したりする場としていた。南方熊楠からの質問に対して,この雑誌を「農村生活誌」の雑誌と自己規定していたが,それでは「農村生活誌」とは何を意味するのであろうか。彼によれば,論文「巫女考」はその「農村生活誌」の具体例であるという。筆者の見解では,「巫女考」の主題は農村各地にみられる差別問題を考究する点に存していた。死者の口寄せをおこなうミコは村人から低くみられていたけれども,柳田はミコの歴史的系譜をさかのぼることによって,「固有信仰」にあってミコは神の子であり,村人から尊敬されていた宗教家で,その「固有信仰」が「零落」するとともに差別されるようになっていったという説を提出している。差別の原因は差別する側にあり,したがって差別を消滅させるためには,すべての国民が「固有信仰」を「自己認識」する必要があるのであった。その説を彼は「比較研究法」という方法論で導きだしていた。その方法論となったものは,認識法としては「実験」(実際の経験の意)と「同情」(共感の意)であり,少年期から学んでいた和歌や学生時代から本格的に勉強していた西欧文学をもとにして彼が組み立ててきた認識の方法である。もう一つの方法論は論理構成の方法で,帰納法がそれであるが,数多くの民間伝承を「比較」することで「法則」を発見しようとする方法である。こうした方法論を駆使することによって彼は差別問題が生起する原因を探究していったが,彼の意見では,差別問題を消滅させることは国民すべての課題でなければならなかった。換言すれば,ミコの口寄せを警察の力で禁止しても差別が消滅するわけではなく,差別する側がミコの歴史を十分に理解することが必要なのであった。