著者

藤堂 良明 入江 康平 村田 直樹

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.3, pp.40-46, 1998-03-31 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

26

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Recently there comes a lot of debating about Judo suit and main points are its form and colour. We tried to reserach the historical changes of Judo suit, especially about its form and colour in Japan and the results are as follows;(1) During the war pesiod, the warrior put on a HAKAMA (a divided skirt forman's for mal wear) and a KOSODE (a wadded silk garment) under the armors. After the war ended, the warrior sheds the armor and put on a HAORI (a Japanese half coat) instead of the armor on a HAKAMA and a KOSODE. The warrior wore a JUBAN (a half undergarmet) and drawers as underwears and the colour of those wears were white with the raason of low cost without dyeing.(2) When the warrior practised KATA of Jnjutsu, they took off a HAORI and so the wears for the practice were KOSODE and HAKAMA. After the KATA practice, they did MIDARE-GEIKO (a practice of free fighting style) and then took off KOSODE and HAKAMA and wore half sleeves which were made wider and quilted to make it be stronger, and the form was as the same as JUBAN. They put on MOMOHIKI (drawers) too in the practice.(3) The founder of Judo, Jigoro KANO mentioned Jude suit in his book that an upper garment could be white cotton in colour and trousers, MOMOHIKI with strings around the waist. Those which were mentioned by J. KANO are the technical terms of underwears, so that the origin of Judo suit could be recogrized as the underwears in Japanese culture. J. KANO maintained traditions of the white colour and improved of length of sleeves for prevention against injuries. And he established Dan and Kyu grading system with the various colours of the belts.(4) There has been a traditional belief among Japanese peoqle that white colour means pureness and holiness which are much worthy to the life, so that could be the reason why the white colour of Judo suit could be maintained so far.

著者

藤堂 良明 村田 直樹

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.37, no.1, pp.1-9, 2004-07-31 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

21

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Study of the history and meaning of dan and kyu grades is one key to the essential character of Budo. Using this idea we began research into the origin of the dan grade system in Shogi, during the Edo period of Japanese history. The dan grade system in certain Kenjutsu and Jujutsu schools where comparable systems existed. For our final reseach we studied the grade system of Judo in the context of the clear intentions established by Jigoro Kano, and we considered how both kendo and kyudo have adopted grading systems and their meaning.Results were as follows:1. There were 9 dan grade steps in Shogi at the beginning of the 18th Century. A Shogi player could be promoted to the next grade if he won a game against Iemoto, the top authority and 9th dan holder. Only Iemoto was permitted to hold 9th dan.2. The Jigenryu of kenjutsu school established its own dan grade syustem from 1st to 4th dan at the begininng of the Edo era in order to keep the students motivated. The Tenjin-shinyoryu Jujutsu at the end of the Edo era established 3 dan grade steps: sho dan, chu dan and jo dan. Both systems had similar policies for dan promotion, requiring length of training and technical skills in kata. Also intangible factors such as being of good character, and not aggressive, but with a determined spirit. The system at that time had only a few 3 or 4 dan grades and there was a long time between promotions, and so students could eventually lack motivation.3. Jigoro Kano, the founder of the Kodokan, established the dan grade system in Judo from 1st dan upwards (without an upper limit), with kyu grades from 5th to 1st, because he disagreed with the traditional grading system and its excessively long intervals to the next grade. He allowed students who had reached 6th dan to teach Judo, and then encouraged study more deeply into the heart of judo before arriving at 10th dan or Shihan. The other purpose of establishing the dan grade system was to stabilize the organization on a firm financial footing. The Dai Nippon Butokukai, established in 1895 in Kyoto, adopted the dan grade system for Judo and kyu grade system for Kendo which was used in Tokyo Police. In 1917, the Butokukai adopted the dan and kyu system for both Judo and Kendo, then in 1923 also adopted the dan and kyu system for Kyudo.4. The dan and kyu grade system used today in Judo examines students for promotion up to 6th dan on points obtained in competitions and on their performance of kata. Above 6th dan are judged on their depth of knowledge and their contribution to judo. The grading system in Kendo examines skills in competitions and kata and there is a written test in addition. Correct posture and being able to use a sword correctly are considered to be more important than winning in the examining matches for promotion. Fees for promotion are used for further development of the organization.

著者

屈 国鋒 藤堂 良明 酒井 利信

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.1, pp.27-38, 2007-07-31 (Released:2012-11-27)

参考文献数

43

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This study aims to clarify the transition process from Chenshi Quanfa to Yangshi Taichi. In examining the transition process, we considered the following four questions.1. Why did the change from actual fighting to the concept of improving health and fitness occur in the minds of these two martial arts leaders?2. Did Yang try to establish Taichi with the purpose of improving health in mind from the very beginning?3. Why did Yang, who was an excellent fighter himself, make his Quanfa known as a health management method?4. What specific changes occurred over the three Yangshi generations?The answer to the first question is thought to lie in differences in social conditions, geographical factors, and the purpose of instruction. The same is true of the third question.As to the answer to the second question, we found that Yang Luchan initially tried to publicize his Taichi as an actual fighting martial art rather than designating it as a method of improving health and fitness.Based on the above analysis, we can summarize the transition process from Chenshi Quanfa to Yangshi Taichi as follows. Chenshi Quanfa, which was characterized both as an actual fighting technique and for improving health, was exported to the world outside Chen Jia Gou through the efforts of Yang Luchan. Yang Luchan and Yang Banhou lived in turbulent times, and they initially contributed much to the character of the actual fighting that featured Chenshi Quanfa. As they developed Chenshi Quanfa, however, they increasingly emphasized its usefulness for improving health to cope with social conditions, geographical factors, and differences in instruction methods. Yang Chengfu, who was Yang Luchan's grandson, established the current Yangshi Taichi, which focuses on the concept of improving health and fitness. It is the writer's belief that this process is the answer to the fourth question.

著者

桐生 習作 村田 直樹 藤堂 良明

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.2, pp.119-133, 2012-12-25 (Released:2014-04-04)

参考文献数

57

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Throughout the course of the popularization of judo, Jigoro Kano refined kitoryu-no-kata (a technique in judo having a profound theory) and developed it as koshiki-no-kata. The purpose of this study is to clarify: (1) the details of kitoryu-no-kata, (2) the development from kitoryu-no-kata to koshiki-no-kata, and (3) Kano’s strategies on the popularization of kata as to which parts of kitoryu-no-kata he valued the most, the methods of the development of kitoryu-no-kata, its meaning and the development from kitoryu-no-kata to koshiki-no-kata. The results are shown below:(1) Kitoryu is based on a state of unity between the imperturbable mind and body, which is called hontai. According to the Kitoryu jujutsu code, hontai places a strong empathies on spiritual training and harmonizing the mind and body with the universe’s energy source — ki, without being distracted by the moves of the kata or the opponent’s moves. In establishing Kodokan judo, Kano adopted kitoryu-no-kata (grappling techniques in armor which was used in times of war), as a kata with noble principles. In the kitoryu-no-kata style, Kano valued a steady posture (hontai), an imperturbable mind and techniques that disturb the opponent’s posture.(2) Kano changed the name from kitoryu-no-kata to koshiki-no-kata sometime after 1901. When comparing the two kata, it can be seen that there are five waza (techniques) that acquired a different name and two waza (techniques) that have a reverse order. In the Kitoryu style, a 14-technique session begins and ends with a courtesy greeting. In the Kitoryu style, 14 techniques and seven mudan techniques have been recognized as different forms of kata. Although there is a movement that disturbs the opponent’s posture by grasping and holding his neck in the kitoryu-no-kata style, Kano changed it to pressing against the opponent’s chest instead— from the point of view of safety and elegance.(3) Ever since the very founding of Kodokan, judoka have been neglecting kata. Kano tried a variety of ways to popularize kata because he felt that students should learn the principles of correct throwing techniques through kata.

著者

藤堂 良明 新出 隆

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.1-7, 1996-07

著者

桐生 習作 藤堂 良明 酒井 利信

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.Supplement, pp.29, 2007 (Released:2012-11-27)

著者

藤堂 良明 新出 隆

出版者

武道学研究

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.29, no.1, pp.1-7, 1996

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One of the characteristic culture of Budo is to exist of many schools in Budo. As the conditions of a school formation in Budo. S. Nakabayashi pointed out(1) A founder is born and discoverd a trick,(2)A trick is arranged (3) Arrange of instruction. But there hasn't been illustrated on the point of the conditions of a school formation in Jujutsu, yet. And so we considered the conditions of a school formation in Takenouchi-Ryu-Jujutsu being the first appearance in Jujutsu.<br>The results were as follows:<br>1) Hisamori Takeuchi, a founder of Takenouchi-Ryu-Jujutsu was the head of a family and went on knight errantry in order to himself. At last he founded Takenouchi-Ryu-Jujutsu in 1532.<br>2) The second established a Law, Keeping a trick from another and making a courtesy with pupils. He made HEIHO-KA and lectured pupils preparation for battle according with Zen.<br>3) The third invented the system of promotion, for example from entrance to be up to Tassha, Mokuroku, Zirou, Menkyo and Inka. He instructed the trainer KATA from easy to difficult in accordance with the system of promotion.

著者

藤堂 良明

出版者

日本武道学会

雑誌

武道学研究 (ISSN:02879700)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.3, pp.38-44, 1995

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The main theme of Japanese Academy of Budo was to study the history and technology of Japanese Budo. It would be necessarry for us to research the combat Sports is the Orient after this. Taking part in the 3rd Chinese International Shorin Bujutsu tournament, I consider about the form and substance of Bujutsu tournament and the history of Shorin Bujutsu.<br>1) Shorin Bujutsu was the roots of chinesebujutsu. At 5 centuries, some priests have practiced Shorin Bujutsu at Shorin temple. According to Kikoshinsyo written by Keisekiko, the founder of Snorin Bujutsu was Chokyoin who devised 32 kenpou and bludgeon. Priests practicing kenpou based on kick named Hokuken and people practicing kenpou based on push with hands named Nan Ken. Also there was the arts of fencing, whip, sward and stick in Shorin Bujutsu.<br>2) There are Shorin-ken, Taikyoku-ken, Nan-ken, Sword, Stick and Bludgeon in Kata contest of Bujutsu tournament. Each player does not make a bow each other because of practicing it as Bujutsu rather than as Budo. As a match called Sanda, they combat each other with push, kick and throwing. A contestant matches 10 classes of weightism and puts on protecter. The technique of winning is to be seen by throwing rather than pushing and kicking.