著者

越智重明

雑誌

東洋学報 / The Toyo Gakuho

巻号頁・発行日

vol.73, no.3, pp.163-191, 1992-03

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During the later Han period, in relation to the scale, a family clan had influenced the village community or officialdom, but hereditary family customs were still unformed and unreliable. Moreover, as the basis of a family structure, commonly married couples in daily life had children who were economically independent. In other words, they were small groups of tightly knit blood relatives. Furthermore, due to the distribution of family property, if direct line of descent was succeeded, there would be decreases in family property if the same method was to be used. Due to this situation, powerful clans held slaves, and tenant farmers were usurped, on the other hand personal property was constructively collected from the opposite sex and other clans to maintain the influential powers within the village community. This became the claim to fame, and referred as Chin and Yi. This relationship of personal kindness and gratitude became an essentia1 basis for powerful clans to maintain their influence during the later Han period. On the other hand, a necessity for maintaining personal property remained thus, a "mechanism" for allocating personal property remained with the Chin and Yi, therefore the definition cannot be accepted as commonly stated.

著者

越智 重明

出版者

東洋史研究会

雑誌

東洋史研究 (ISSN:03869059)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.6, pp.465-475, 1955-03-30

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Some historians are of the opinion that the tien-ch'iens, ministers despatched from the Nan-chao Government were, so to speak, the overlords to the imperial local ministers and that whereby the Government was successful to consolidate a centralized state. But the more detailed study of the contemporary documents makes it clear that the tien-ce'iens' authorities were more limited than ever suggested--that is, their powers were originated from the commission of duty to supervise the local ministers independent directly upon the emperors. and these ministers alone; other ministers were out of the rule of the tien-ch'ien.

著者

越智 重明

出版者

東洋文庫

雑誌

東洋学報 = The Toyo Gakuho

巻号頁・発行日

vol.46, no.2, pp.186-222, 1963-09

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The present article deals with the new system for appointing government officials instituted by Ts’ao Ts’ao曹操 in the third decade of the third century when Ts’ao Ts’ao was yet to found the Wei 魏 Dynasty. At that time this new system was called chiu-p’in 九品 or chiu-p’in-chih 九品制, and it was only after the system had become obsolete in the later period that it was called chiu-p’in kuan-jên fa 九品官人法 or chiu-p’in chung-chêng 九品中正.The new system was adopted for two purposes: the first was to enable officials concerned in the Central Government to be in full command of personnel administration throughout the country; the second, to eliminate possible causes of unfair connections which used to exist between personnel officers and aspiring applicants for high positions. In the Latter Han 後漢 period, the personnel system was largely affected by this private relationship, sometimes infringing upon the Emperor’s ruling power, as was typically shown in the case of Tang-ku-yu 党錮獄.The above-mentioned two purposes were almost fulfilled by the enforcement of the new system. After thirty years the system was subject to a large revision, but even thereafter it remained quite effective for the second purpose, although no longer effective for the first.