著者

鈴木 茂忠 宮尾 嶽雄 西沢 寿晃 志田 義治 高田 靖司

出版者

信州大学農学部

雑誌

信州大学農学部紀要 (ISSN:05830621)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.2, pp.p61-91, 1975-12

被引用文献数

2

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The Kiso-Komagatake is one of the main mountains in Kiso Mountain Range, which rises nearly on the middle of Japan main land, that is, on the western side of the Ina Basin in Nagano Prefecture, forming the watershed between the Rivers Kiso and Tenryu. The highest summit is as high as 2,956m above the sea level. One can in a while attain the height of 2,500m above the sea level from the City Komagane (600m high) by means of bus and then ropeway and many tourists visit the mountain throughout the year. This, together with extensive amount of wood cutting, has contributed to the rapid deterioration of the nature. As for the botanical distribution of the mountain, Pinus pumila is predominant in the alpine zone, higher than 2,500m above the sea level, Abies mariesii and Tsuga diversifolia in the sub-alpine zone, 1,500-2,500m high, and Quercus crispula in the lower zone, lower than 1,500m. Cultivated lands and village can be found in the zone lower than 900m above the sea level. The natural flora is confined to the subalpine zone and the lower zone is mostly occupied by the secondary forest, mainly consisted of Larix kaempferi. To obtain the general distribution of small mammals on eastern slope of the Kiso-Komagatake, the authors have carried out the collection and survey since June 1974. The results are as follows : 1) The collection was made with snap traps at 6 places of different height, ranging 950-2,640m above the sea level on the eastern slope, and the following species were obtained : Insectivora Sorex shinto alt. 1,500-2,640m Crocidura dsinezumi alt. 1,200m Dymecodon pilirostris alt. 1,300-1,700m Urotrichus talpoides alt. below 1,300m Rodentia Glirulus japonicus alt, 1,700m and 1,300m Clethrionomys andersoni alt. 1,300-2,640m Eothenomys kageus alt. 1,200-1,500m Microtus montebelli alt, below 1,200m Apodemus speciosus alt. 950-1,500m Apodemus argenteus alt. 950-2,640m Rattus norvegicus alt. 2,640m around the ropeway station, hotel and restaurant in the alpine zone. The widest distribution was shown by A. argenteus, being found at any place in the altitude of 950-2,640m. The species which was distributed from the sub-alpine to alpine zone was S. shinto and C. andersoni. D. pilirostris was native to the forest of sub-alpine zone. C. andersoni and E. kageus are both forest dwellers, the former species is used to live in above 1,300m and the latter live in below it. The distribution border between D. pilirostris and U. talpoides was also at the altitude of about 1,300m. M. montebelli generally inhabits in cultured land, grassy plain and young forested land. In the Kiso-Komagatake, however, this species did not distribute in higher altitude than 1,300m even when the habitat was sufficient. This is probably because of very steep slope of the mountain side. R. norvegicus inhabited around the ropeway station, hotel and restaurant in the alpine zone, propagating themselves even in very severe cold conditions. The higher the altitude of the population of A. argenteus, the later the beginning of propagation in spring occured. 2) In the zone, ranging 1,300-1,500m above the sea level, small mammals were caught with snap traps in three Larix kaempferi-afforested lands of different age and the relation between forest age and species of small mammals was examined. A. speciosus was found in the sapling and the young forest but not in the grown forest, while a large amount of A. argenteus was found in the grown forest according to Apodemus Index. C. andersoni was not found in the sapling, while E. hageus was relatively large amounts in the sapling and the young forest, though absence in the grown forest. 3) In a few Larix kaempferi forest in the altitude of 1,300m, movements of A. speciosus and A. argenteus were followed up for 7 days by the use of alive traps. The distance of two traps which caught the same individual in two consecutive nights was measured with the following results :In case of A. speciosus, it was 11.3m (mean for 5 cases) in June and 21.0m (mean for 4 cases) in August. The mean for June and August was 15.6m for 9 cases. In case of A. argenteus, the mean distance in June was 15. 5m for 7 cases. From these figures, the diameter of the home range was calculated, with the result that the mean was 33.1m for A. speciosus and 27.8m for A. argenteus. There was little difference between them.

著者

鈴木 茂忠 宮尾 嶽雄 西沢 寿晃 高田 靖司

出版者

信州大学農学部

雑誌

信州大学農学部紀要 (ISSN:05830621)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.p43-52, 1979-07

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The distribution of the Japanese mountain mole, Euroscaptor mizura is limited on the main land in Japan. However, the closely related species to the E. mizura distributes on the south-west part in China and its vicinity. Therefore, the Japanese mountain mole distributes as a spotted pattern. E. mizura should be the oldest form of the Talpinae on the main land in Japan. Since specimen of E. mizura collected is quite few, the distribution is remained uncertain. About 10 specimens of E. mizura have been obtained from various mountainous zones in Nagano District, i. e. , the Hida Mountains, the Mikuni Mountains, the Akaishi Mountains, the Yatsugatake Mountain Mass and the Chikuma Mountain Region. But there is no any record of collection in the Kiso Mountains at all. The authors could fortunately obtained a dead female specimen on the peak of the Mt. Kiso-Komagatake. It is suggested that E. mizura may be able to live in the Kiso Mountains. Measurement of the specimen obtained was done on some morphological features. The results were as follows.From the previous record, it may be said that the Japanese mountain mole distributes on forest and grassland in alpine and subalpine zones in Nagano District. On the other hand, as the collection record has been found in Yamanashi, Aomori, and Hiroshima Districts, E. mizura may be described, in the future, on the low land zone in Nagano District.

著者

鈴木 茂忠 宮尾 嶽雄 西沢 寿晃 志田 義治 高田 靖司

出版者

信州大学農学部

雑誌

信州大学農学部紀要 (ISSN:05830621)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.13, no.1, pp.p21-42, 1976-06

被引用文献数

2

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The distribution of small mammals on the eastern slope of the Mt. Kiso-Komagatake, the peak of the Japanese Central Alps was described in the previous report (Suzuki, Miyao et al, 1975). In the present paper, the authors made clear the food habit of the Japanese martens (Martes melampus melampus) in the upper part of low mountainous zone (1,200-1,600m above the sea level) on the eastern slope of the Mt. Kiso-Komagatake. From late August 1975 to late February 1976, total 193 scat samples were collected in the area and their content were analyzed. As to the flora in the area, afforestation of Larix kaempferi is predominating, and secondary forests containing Quercus crispura, Betula platyphylla, Fagus crenata, Cercidiphyllum japonicum and Tsuga diversifolia are scattered here and there. The results of scat analysis are as follows; 1) Scats containing both animal and vegetable foods were predominant, indicating the omnivorous habit of the Japanese marten. Those exclusively containing animal foods increased in winter (January to February), thus suggesting their stronger tendency towards flesh-eating in the cold season. 2) Kinds of animals eaten by the Japanese marten covered seven classes, and among them insects and small mammals were mainly eaten. Mammals eaten with the highest predilection were Lepus brachyurus and murinae rodents, and especially the former may become the basal animal foods for the Japanese marten. Insectivora in scats were found more frequently in winter. A mass of hairs ofthe Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus crispus) was found in one scat. In insects, Coleoptera was frequently eaten but they entirely disappear in winter season. 3) As to the vegetable foods, buccas and drupes from plants of seven orders of class Dicotyledoneae were found and buccas from Actinidia arguta and A. holomikta of order Parietales were mainly eaten. Scats contained 85-99% of fruits collected from August to December, however, its percentage decreased and the frequency of the small mammals increased in winter season (January to February). Besides Parietales, buccas and drupes of Akebia quinata, Rubus, Vitis coignetiae, Viburunum furcatum, Diospyros kaki, Aralis cordata A. elata were also eaten. 4) The mean number of different order of foods found in one scat was 2.5 for the total period of investigation, 2.8 for August to September, 2.2 for October to December and 2.1 for January to February. In August to September, buccas of Actinidia arguta, A. holomikta and Akebia quinata were more frequently eaten in combination with Lepus brachyurus. In January to February, Lepus brachyurus was the major food. 5) It arouses great interest to know what difference may exist in the food selection among the Japanese marten, Martes melampus melampus, the Japanese red fox, Vulpes vulpes japonica and the Japanese weasel, Mustela itatsi itatsi, which live sympatrically in the same area. This problem will be studied in the near future.

著者

鈴木 茂忠 宮尾 嶽雄 西沢 寿晃 高田 靖司

出版者

信州大学農学部

雑誌

信州大学農学部紀要 (ISSN:05830621)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.p147-177, 1977-12

被引用文献数

4

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長野県木曽駒ヶ岳東斜面におけるホンドテンの食性を明らかにしたいと考えて,著者らは1975年4月以来調査を続行中である。本報では,1976年3月下旬から1977年1月下旬にわたって,低山帯上部(海抜1,200mから1,600m)ならびに亜高山帯(海抜1,700mから2,600m)において採集されたホンドテン(Martes melampus melampus)の糞内容物の分析結果からその食性の低山帯上部における秋季および冬季の1975年度・1976年度間の差異,春季および夏季と秋季および冬季との季節的な差異,さらに低山帯上部域と亜高山帯域との差異について,比較論及した。1)低山帯上部において採集できた糞数は,8月までは少ないが,9月からは急増した。亜高山帯においてもこれらの傾向は,ほぼ同一である。しかしながら,こうした現象の原因については未だ解明し得ないでいる。2)低山帯上部においては,3月から6月まではほとんど動物性食物に依存しているが,9月以降1月まではむしろ植物性食物の比重が大きい。7月・8月は前記した両期の中間的な状態を示していた。亜高山帯においては,9月から12月の間は動物性食物のみの糞はほとんどなく,植物性のみまたは植物性ならびに動物性の両食物を含むものが主となっていた。3)低山帯上部における3月から6月の期間の糞は,動物性食物のみによって成り立っており,しかも動物性食物はほとんどがノウサギだけである。4)低山帯上部の9月から12月は,動物性食物のみによって構成される糞がほとんどなく,植物性のみ,または植物性および動物性の双方の食物を含むものによって大多数が占められる。7月および8月の食物構成は,6月までと9月以降との状態の移行的な形態を示す。5)低山帯上部における植物性食物は,7月・8月にはイチゴ類(Rubus),9月・10月には側膜胎座目(サルナシ・ミヤママタタビ),12月・1月にはナナカマド類(Sorbus)となる。6)低山帯上部においては,1975年度(鈴木・宮尾ほか,1976)にみられなかったナナカマド類が,1976年度には11月から1月にかけて,植物性食物としてほとんど独占的に食べられていて。1976年度における,特に6月から9月の間の冷温が両年度間の植物性食物の種類の差異の原因になっているのかも知れない。7)低山帯上部においては,動物性食物としてノウサギとネズミ類が最も主要であるが,両者の間には相互補完的な関係が認められ,両者は姉妹食物の関係にある。8)亜高山帯の7月・8月には動物性食物(ノウサギおよび鞘翅目昆虫)のみによって構成される糞の頻度が高い。9月には動物性および植物性の両食物を含むものが大部分を占める。11月・12月には,植物性食物(ナナカマド類)のみによって構成される糞の頻度が約半数を占めるようになる。9)亜高山帯においては,低山帯上部に比較すると動物性食物の比重が大で,植物性食物の比重が小さい。10)亜高山帯における動物性食物はノウサギが中心となる。

著者

鈴木 茂忠 宮尾 嶽雄 西沢 寿晃 高田 靖司

出版者

信州大学農学部

雑誌

信州大学農学部紀要 (ISSN:05830621)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.p47-79, 1978-07

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長野県木曾山脈の主峰,木曾駒ヶ岳(海抜2,956m)の東側斜面小黒川流域に位置する信州大学農学部付属演習林およびその隣接地域において,1975年5月より1977年1月にわたって,ニホンカモシカの食性調査を行った。調査地は海抜1,200~1,600mの低山帯上部(冷温帯)に相当する天然生林である。ニホンカモシカによる採食痕の調査から,食植物を同定し,食植物の周年的変かをほぼ明らかにすることができた。ただし,本調査では,主として食植物の種名を明らかにする定性的段階にとどまった。また,3月および4月の資料は少数であるため省いてある。結果の概要は次の如くである。1)ニホンカモシカの採食痕をみると,草・木本の先端をひきちぎって食べていることがわかり,ニホンカモシカはbrowsing herbivoreまたはsnip feederであると云える。2)ニホンカモシカの食植物として189種を同定することができた。そのうち草本は27科94種,広葉樹は29科85種,針葉樹は2科7種,ササ類が1科3種であった。食植物の種類数は7月に最も多く(106種),11月に最も少なかった(43種)。3)5月から11月までは草本と広葉樹の種類数がほぼ半数ずつを占め,食物はこの2植物群によって供給される。12月から2月の期間には,上記2植物群のほかに常緑針葉樹とササ類の2植物群が加わり,草本の種類数は極めて少なくなる。広葉樹はこの時期に一層重要性を増し,2月には83.1%が広葉樹によって占められている。常緑針葉樹は種類数で約5%,ササ類は約2%程度である。本調査地域には常緑針葉樹の現存量が少ないため,冬季にも副次的な食物源の地位にとどまる。4)周年的にどの月(ただし3・4月は未調査)にも採食痕がみられた植物(周年型食物物)はノリウツギ,タマアジサイ,ヤマアジサイ,クリチゴ,クマイチゴ,マユミ,ハナイカダ,リョウブ,ニワトコ,オオカメノキの10種で,これらはいずれも落葉広葉樹である。春~秋には枝・葉が,冬には越冬芽をつけた枝先が摂食される。これらの次いでほぼ周年的に採食されるのはイタドリ,クサボタン,ノハラアザミ,ヨモギ,ヤマブドウであった。これらの植物は,ニホンカモシカにとって最も基本的な食物源になっていると考えられる。5)早春型食植物としてはフキ(花茎),シロバナエンレイソウ,エンレイソウ,ツクバネソウなどがあげられる。一般の植物に先駆けて緑葉を展開する植物群で,周年型食植物を補充するものとなっているようである。6)夏型食植物はきわめて多様な草本と広葉樹から成る。周年型食植物が夏~秋にも多食され,そのほかにはハナウド,ミヤマゼンゴ,ヨブスマソウ,モミジハグマ,ヨツバヒヨド,リバナ,ミズナ,アカソなどの草本が量的に多く摂食されている。7)晩秋型食植物としてはフキ(葉),広葉樹の落葉,枯草,ミズナラの堅果などをあげることができる。夏・秋から冬への移行期に,短時間ではあるが摂食の対象とされる。8)冬型食植物は常緑針葉樹とササ類の枝・葉で,周年型食植物の不足を補う。冬季(12月~2月)以外には,常緑針葉樹およびササ類は食べられることが殆どない。9)ハシリドコロ,ヤマトリカブト,ヤマオダマキ,コバイケイソウ,ネジキ,トチノキ,フジウツギなどの,いわゆる有毒植物も稀にはあるが摂食されていた。10)本調査地域においてニホンカモシカによる採食痕が認められなかった植物は,アズマシャクナゲ,レンゲツツジ,タケニグサ,スズラン,イワカガミ,マムシグサ類,クサソテツ,シシガシラなどであった。

著者

鈴木 茂忠 宮尾 嶽雄 西沢 寿晃 高田 靖司

出版者

信州大学農学部

雑誌

信州大学農学部紀要 (ISSN:05830621)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.p147-177, 1977-12

被引用文献数

4

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Investigation is running on since April 1975 in order to make clear the food habit of the Japanese marten, Martes melampus melampus on the eastern slope of the Mt. Kiso-Komagatake. In view of the results so far achieved, the authors attempted to make clear the food habit to examine scat samples, which were collected in the upper part of low mountaineous zone (1,200-1,600m above the sea level : we called "the A zone") and the sub-alpine zone (1,700-2,600m above the sea level : we called "the B zone") on the eastern slope of the Mt. Kiso-Komagatake from the end of March 1976 to the end of January 1977. In the present paper, especially the authors will be discussed on the following several points : i) change of food habit from autumn to winter in each year of 1975 and 1976 in the A zone. , ii) the change throughout the year in the A zone, and iii) difference of food habit between the A and B zones. The results obtained were summarized as follows 1) The number of scats collected in the A zone was less amount since August and thereafter its number suddenly increased from September. However, the authors could not be clear what had caused the results. 2) In the A zone, food habit from March to June seemed to be dependent on animal diet, while at the time from September to January of succeeding year, it may be dependent essentially on vegetable diet rather than animal. And both animal and vegetable were eaten in July and August. In the B zone, on the other hand, there was scarcely any scat which contained only animal component and scat containning vegetable component or vegetable and animal were commonly found from September to December. 3) Food habit was dependent on animal diet, namely, Lepus brachyurus from March to June in the A zone. 4) There was scarcely any scat which contained only animal and that containning vegetable component or vegetable and animal component were commonly found from September to December in the A zone. Food component in scat from July to August would be intermediate before June and after September within a year. 5) Kinds of vegetable diet eaten by the Japanese marten were Rubus, Pari-etales (Actinidia) and Sorbus in July and August, in September and October, and in November and January, respectively. 6) Sorbus was mainly eaten from November to January in 1976 as a vegetable diet, which had not been found at all in the previous report of 1976 (SUZUKI, MIYAO et al) in the A zone. It seemed to be considered that the lower temperature during June to September might cause the difference of kinds in vegetable diet among 1975 and 1976. 7) Lepus brachyurus and murine rodents were the most important as an animal diet in the A zone and the mutual compensatory relation as a companion diet would be recognized among two kinds of animals, that is, the higher the frequency of appearance of the murine rodents, the lower the L. brachyurus occurred and the frequency relation was vice versa. These tendencies may suggest that the Japanese marten may attack the animal as a density-dependent factor and the Japanese marten may be used to eat the animal which increased the population density. 8) Frequency of scat which contained animal component (L. brachyurus or Coleopterous insect) became higher in July and August and the component changed to both animal and vegetable in September and then it reached about 50% for vegetable diet (Sorbus) in the B zone. 9) Animal diet was much weight rather than vegetable in the B zone compar-ing with the diet in the A zone. 10) Main animal diet was L. brachyurus in the B zone.

著者

鈴木 茂忠 宮尾 嶽雄 西沢 寿晃 高田 靖司

出版者

信州大学農学部

雑誌

信州大学農学部紀要 (ISSN:05830621)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.1, pp.p47-79, 1978-07

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Investigation has been made from May 1975 to January 1977 in order to make clear the food habit of the Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus on eastern slope of the Mt. Kiso-Komagatake, where the University Forest in the Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University expands. The investigating area is a low temperate zone and is enveloped in natural forest in upper part of low mountaineous zone (1,200-1,600m above the sea level). Seasonal change of food plants was clear up by analyzing the plant traces eaten by the Japanese serow. This analysis didn't express quantitative estimation of plant eaten by the animal, but identification of plant, namely, qualitative list of plant species. Further, there was less data obtained from March to April and we were obliged to omit it. The results obtained were summarized as follows (1) The Japanese serow was used to bite tip of herbs, young trees and shrubs off and the animal seems not to be grazing herbivore, but browsing herbivore or snip feeder. (2) Total 189 plant species were listed up as the food of the Japanese serow, among them, 94 species (27 families) for herb ; 85 species (29 families) for broadleaf tree ; 7 species (2 families) for coniferous tree ; and 3 species (1 family) for bamboo grass, respectively. The number of species eaten by the Japanese serow reached to maximum in July (106 species) and thereafter down to minimum in November. (3) Number of plant species of herb and broad-leaf tree was divided into a half in each from May to November and the two plant groups should become themain food enough to feed at this time. While, ever-green coniferous tree and bamboo grass might be added to the two plant groups during winter from December to February. Number of herb species decreased suddenly and broad-leaf tree, therfore, might act an important role on food and percentage utility of broad-leaf reached on 83.1% at the time of February. On the other hand, the ever-green coniferous tree was down to 5% and 2% for bamboo grass. In the investigating area, there was so small amount of biomass for ever-green coniferous tree that the tree seemed to be a secondary food. (4) Plants feeded on each month throughout a year (but March and April could not be observed yet) were as follows : Hydrangea paniculata, H. cuspidata, H. macrophylla, Rubus kinashii, R. rnorifolius, Euonymus sieboldiana, Helwingia japonica, Clethra barbinervis, Sambucus sieboldiana and Viburnum furcatam. Above 10 species were all deciduous broad-leaf tree and the Japanese serow were used to feed on twings and leaf during spring to autumn and on twigs with winter bud. Moreover, plants feeded for the most part within a year were as follows Polygonum reynoutria, Clematis stans, Cirsium tanakae, Artemisia vulgaris, and Vitis coignetiae. It may be considered that these two sorts of plant species shall become a fundamental food resource for the Japanese serow in the area. (5) Petasites japonicus, Trillium tschonoskii, T. apetalon and Paris tetraphylla, which expand new green leaves to be the first to do other plants at the time of early spring may play a compensatory role upon many species of food plants feeded throughout a year. (6) Various species of herb and broad-leaf tree were feeded during summer, such as the plants mentioned (4) and Heracleum lanatum, Angelica multisecta, Cacaria hastata, Ainsliaea acerifolia, Eupatrium sachalinense, Elatostemma involuc-ratum and Boehmeria tricuspis as well. (7) Leaf of Petasites japonicus, fall down leaves of broad-leaf tree, dried herbs and nuts of Quercus crispula which were feeded during the late autumn must become a major food at the only short time of pass through autumn to winter. (8) Twigs and leaves of ever-green coniferous tree and bamboo grass which were feeded during only winter season (December to February), will supply for food in winter. In this period, the Japanese serow would usually not to be enough to feed the plant mentioned (4) and ever-green coniferous tree and bamboo grass seemed to be a suitable food for keeping hunger away. (9) Some poisonous plants were rearely feeded such as Scapolia japonica, Aco-nitum japonicum, Aquilegia buergeriana, Veratrum stamineum, Pieris elliptica, Aesculus turbinata and Buddleja insignis.(10) Plant species which did not remain traces eaten by the Japanese serow in the investigating area were as follows : Rhododendron degronianum, R. japonicum, Macleya cordata, Convallaria majalis, Shortia soldanelloides, Arisaema, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Blechnum niponicum etc.