著者

Koichi MAEZAWA Umer FAROOQ Masayuki MORI

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-C, no.9, pp.486-490, 2023-09-01

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A novel displacement sensor was proposed based on a frequency delta-sigma modulator (FDSM) employing a microwave oscillator. To demonstrate basic operation, we fabricated a stylus surface profiler using a cylindrical cavity resonator, where one end of the cavity is replaced by a thin metal diaphragm with a stylus probe tip. Good surface profile was successfully obtained with this device. A 10 nm depth trench was clearly observed together with a 10 µm trench in a single scan without gain control. This result clearly demonstrates an extremely wide dynamic range of the FDSM displacement sensors.

著者

Ryo TAKAHASHI Hidenori MATSUO Sijie XIA Qiang CHEN Fumiyuki ADACHI

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-B, no.9, pp.748-757, 2023-09-01

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Cell-free massive MIMO (CF-mMIMO), which cooperatively utilizes a large number of antennas deployed over a communication area, has been attracting great attention as an important technology for realizing 5G-advanced and 6G systems. Recently, to ensure system scalability and mitigate inter-user interference in CF-mMIMO, a user-centric (UC) approach was investigated. In this UC approach, user-centric antenna-sets are formed by selecting appropriate antennas for each user, and postcoding is applied to reduce the strong interference from users whose antenna-sets overlap. However, in very high user density environments, since the number of interfering users increases due to increased overlapping of antenna-sets, the achievable link capacity may degrade. In this paper, we propose a user-cluster-centric (UCC) approach, which groups neighborhood users into a user-cluster and associates the predetermined number of antennas to this user-cluster for spatial multiplexing. We derive the uplink postcoding weights and explain the effectiveness of the proposed UCC approach in terms of the computational complexity of the weight computation. We also compare the uplink user capacities achievable with UC and UCC approaches by computer simulation and clarify situations where the UCC approach is effective. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of the number of interfering users considered in the zero-forcing and minimum mean square error postcoding weight computation on the user capacity.

著者

Issei KANNO Kosuke YAMAZAKI Yoji KISHI Satoshi KONISHI

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE Transactions on Communications (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

pp.2021MEI0001, (Released:2022-04-28)

被引用文献数

8

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5G service has been launched in various countries, and research for the beyond 5G is already underway actively around the world. In beyond 5G, it is expected to expand the various capabilities of communication technologies to cover further wide use cases from 5G. As a candidate elemental technology, cell free massive MIMO has been widely researched and shown its potential to enhance the capabilities from various aspects. However, for deploying this technology in reality, there are still many technical issues such as a cost of distributing antenna and installing fronthaul, and also the scalability aspects. This paper surveys research trends of cell free massive MIMO, especially focusing on the deployment challenges with an introduction to our specific related research activities including some numerical examples.

著者

Yuanzhong XU Tao KE Wenjun CAO Yao FU Zhangqing HE

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-C, no.8, pp.432-441, 2023-08-01

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Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is a promising lightweight hardware security primitive that can extract device fingerprints for encryption or authentication. However, extracting fingerprints from either the chip or the board individually has security flaws and cannot provide hardware system-level security. This paper proposes a new Chip-PCB hybrid PUF(CPR PUF) in which Weak PUF on PCB is combined with Strong PUF inside the chip to generate massive responses under the control of challenges of on-chip Strong PUF. This structure tightly couples the chip and PCB into an inseparable and unclonable unit thus can verify the authenticity of chip as well as the board. To improve the uniformity and reliability of Chip-PCB hybrid PUF, we propose a lightweight key generator based on a reliability self-test and debiasing algorithm to extract massive stable and secure keys from unreliable and biased PUF responses, which eliminates expensive error correction processes. The FPGA-based test results show that the PUF responses after robust extraction and debiasing achieve high uniqueness, reliability, uniformity and anti-counterfeiting features. Moreover, the key generator greatly reduces the execution cost and the bit error rate of the keys is less than 10-9, the overall security of the key is also improved by eliminating the entropy leakage of helper data.

著者

Ming NI Yan HAN Ray C. C. CHEUNG Xuemeng ZHOU

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-C, no.7, pp.417-426, 2023-07-01

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This paper presents a hippocampal cognitive prosthesis chip designed for restoring the ability to form new long-term memories due to hippocampal system damage. The system-on-chip (SOC) consists of a 16-channel micro-power low-noise amplifier (LNA), high-pass filters, analog-digital converters (ADCs), a 16-channel spike-sorter, a generalized Laguerre-Volterra model multi-input, multi-output (GLVM-MIMO) hippocampal processor, an 8-channel neural stimulator and peripheral circuits. The proposed LNA achieved a voltage gain of 50dB, input-referred noise of 3.95µVrms, and noise efficiency factor (NEF) of 3.45 with the power consumption of 3.3µW. High-pass filters with a 300-Hz bandwidth are used to filter out the unwanted local field potential (LFP). 4 12-bit successive approximation register (SAR) ADCs with a signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 63.37dB are designed for the digitization of the neural signals. A 16-channel spike-sorter has been integrated in the chip enabling a detection accuracy of 98.3% and a classification accuracy of 93.4% with power consumption of 19µW/ch. The MIMO hippocampal model processor predict output spatio-temporal patterns in CA1 according to the recorded input spatio-temporal patterns in CA3. The neural stimulator performs bipolar, symmetrical charge-balanced stimulation with a maximum current of 310µA, triggered by the processor output. The chip has been fabricated in 40nm standard CMOS technology, occupying a silicon area of 3mm2.

著者

Yuichiro URATA Masanori KOIKE Kazuhisa YAMAGISHI Noritsugu EGI

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-B, no.5, pp.478-488, 2023-05-01

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In this paper, a metadata-based quality-estimation model is proposed for tile-based omnidirectional video streaming services, aiming to realize quality monitoring during service provision. In the tile-based omnidirectional video (ODV) streaming services, the ODV is divided into tiles, and the high-quality tiles and the low-quality tiles are distributed in accordance with the user's viewing direction. When the user changes the viewing direction, the user temporarily watches video with the low-quality tiles. In addition, the longer the time (delay time) until the high-quality tile for the new viewing direction is downloaded, the longer the viewing time of video with the low-quality tile, and thus the delay time affects quality. From the above, the video quality of the low-quality tiles and the delay time significantly impact quality, and these factors need to be considered in the quality-estimation model. We develop quality-estimation models by extending the conventional quality-estimation models for 2D adaptive streaming. We also show that the quality-estimation model using the bitrate, resolution, and frame rate of high- and low-quality tiles and that the delay time has sufficient estimation accuracy based on the results of subjective quality evaluation experiments.

著者

Soma YASUI Fujio OHISHI Hiroaki USUI

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-C, no.6, pp.195-201, 2023-06-01

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Thin films of Teflon AF 1600 were prepared by an electron-assisted (e-assist) deposition method. IR analysis revealed that the e-assist deposition generates small amount of polar groups such as carboxylic acid in the molecular structure of the deposited films. The polar groups contributed to increase intermolecular interaction and led to remarkable improvement in the adhesion strength and robustness of the films especially when a bias voltage was applied to the substrate in the course of e-assist deposition. The vapor-deposited Teflon AF films had refractive indices of 1.35 to 1.38, and were effective for antireflection coatings. The use of e-assist deposition slightly increased the refractive index as a trade-off for the improvement of film robustness.

著者

Yixing GU Zhongyuan ZHOU Yunfen CHANG Mingjie SHENG Qi ZHOU

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-B, no.6, pp.509-517, 2023-06-01

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This paper proposes a method in calculating the field distribution of the cross section in a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell based on the method of finite difference. Besides, E-field uniformity of the cross section is analyzed with the calculation results and the measured field strength. Analysis indicates that theoretical calculation via method proposed in this paper can guide the setup of E-field probes to some extent when it comes to the E-field uniformity analysis in a TEM cell.

著者

Doo-Soo KIM Il-Tak HAN Tae-Wan KIM Ho-Sang KWON Kyung-Tae KIM

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-C, no.5, pp.184-187, 2023-05-01

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In this paper, the planar subarray structure to be optimized by using random search method for large active array antenna is presented. Although MPSL of the optimized subarray structure is 1.09dB higher, G/T of the optimized subarray structure is 2.07dB higher than the reference subarray structure.

著者

Jiawen CHU Chunyun PAN Yafei WANG Xiang YUN Xuehua LI

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-B, no.5, pp.439-447, 2023-05-01

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Mobile edge computing (MEC) technology guarantees the privacy and security of large-scale data in the Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT) by deploying MEC servers near base stations to provide sufficient computing, storage, and data processing capacity to meet the delay and energy consumption requirements of NB-IoT terminal equipment. For the NB-IoT MEC system, this paper proposes a resource allocation algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning to optimize the total cost of task offloading and execution. Since the formulated problem is a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP), we cast our problem as a multi-agent distributed deep reinforcement learning (DRL) problem and address it using dueling Q-learning network algorithm. Simulation results show that compared with the deep Q-learning network and the all-local cost and all-offload cost algorithms, the proposed algorithm can effectively guarantee the success rates of task offloading and execution. In addition, when the execution task volume is 200KBit, the total system cost of the proposed algorithm can be reduced by at least 1.3%, and when the execution task volume is 600KBit, the total cost of system execution tasks can be reduced by 16.7% at most.

著者

Yudai YAMAZAKI Joshua ALVIN Jian PANG Atsushi SHIRANE Kenichi OKADA

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-C, no.4, pp.149-156, 2023-04-01

被引用文献数

1

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This article presents a 28GHz high-accuracy phase and amplitude detection circuit for dual-polarized phased-array calibration. With dual-polarized calibration scheme, external LO signal is not required for calibration. The proposed detection circuit detects phase and amplitude independently, using PDC and ADC. By utilizing a 28GHz-to-140kHz downconversion scheme, the phase and amplitude are detected more accurately. In addition, reference signal for PDC and ADC is generated from 28GHz LO signal with divide-by-6 dual-step-mixing injection locked frequency divider (ILFD). This ILFD achieves 24.5-32.5GHz (28%) locking range with only 3.0mW power consumption and 0.01mm2 area. In the measurement, the detection circuit achieves phase and amplitude detections with RMS errors of 0.17degree and 0.12dB, respectively. The total power consumption of the proposed circuit is 59mW with 1-V supply voltage.

著者

Wentao ZHANG Chen MIAO Wen WU

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-B, no.4, pp.307-316, 2023-04-01

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Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation has been a primary focus of research for many years. Research on DOA estimation continues to be immensely popular in the fields of the internet of things, radar, and smart driving. In this paper, a simple new two-dimensional DOA framework is proposed in which a triangular array is used to receive wideband linear frequency modulated continuous wave signals. The mixed echo signals from various targets are separated into a series of single-tone signals. The unwrapping algorithm is applied to the phase difference function of the single-tone signals. By using the least-squares method to fit the unwrapped phase difference function, the DOA information of each target is obtained. Theoretical analysis and simulation demonstrate that the framework has the following advantages. Unlike traditional phase goniometry, the framework can resolve the trade-off between antenna spacing and goniometric accuracy. The number of detected targets is not limited by the number of antennas. Moreover, the framework can obtain highly accurate DOA estimation results.

著者

Cong ZHOU Jing TAO Baosheng WANG Na ZHAO

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-B, no.3, pp.230-240, 2023-03-01

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As a key technology of 5G, NFV has attracted much attention. In addition, monitoring plays an important role, and can be widely used for virtual network function placement and resource optimisation. The existing monitoring methods focus on the monitoring load without considering they own resources needed. This raises a unique challenge: jointly optimising the NFV monitoring systems and minimising their monitoring load at runtime. The objective is to enhance the gain in real-time monitoring metrics at minimum monitoring costs. In this context, we propose a novel NFV monitoring solution, namely, iMon (Monitoring by inferring), that jointly optimises the monitoring process and reduces resource consumption. We formalise the monitoring process into a multitarget regression problem and propose three regression models. These models are implemented by a deep neural network, and an experimental platform is built to prove their availability and effectiveness. Finally, experiments also show that monitoring resource requirements are reduced, and the monitoring load is just 0.6% of that of the monitoring tool cAdvisor on our dataset.

著者

Yang XIAO Zhongyuan ZHOU Changping TANG Jinjing REN Mingjie SHENG Zhengrui XU

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-C, no.2, pp.41-49, 2023-02-01

被引用文献数

1

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This paper first introduces the structure of a shipboard equipment control cabinet and the preliminary design of electromagnetic shielding, then introduces the principle of low-frequency magnetic field shielding, and uses silicon steel sheet to shield the low-frequency magnetic field of shipboard equipment control equipment. Based on ANSYS Maxwell simulation software, the low-frequency magnetic field radiation emission of the equipment's conducted harmonic peak frequency point is simulated. Finally, according to MIL-STD-461G test standard, the low-frequency magnetic field radiation emission test is carried out, which meets the limit requirements of the standard. The low-frequency magnetic field shielding technology has practical value. The low-frequency magnetic field radiation emission simulation based on ANSYS Maxwell proposed in this paper is a useful attempt for the quantitative simulation of radiation emission.

著者

Xiangyu MENG Kangfeng WEI Zhiyi YU Xinlun CAI

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-C, no.1, pp.7-13, 2023-01-01

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This paper proposes a low-power 100Gb/s four-level pulse amplitude modulation driver (PAM-4 Driver) based on linear distortion compensation structure for thin-film Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) modulators, which manages to achieve high linearity in the output. The inductive peaking technology and open drain structure enable the overall circuit to achieve a 31-GHz bandwidth. With an area of 0.292 mm2, the proposed PAM-4 driver chip is designed in a 65-nm process to achieve power consumption of 37.7 mW. Post-layout simulation results show that the power efficiency is 0.37 mW/Gb/s, RLM is more than 96%, and the FOM value is 8.84.

著者

Xiang BI Huang HUANG Benhong ZHANG Xing WEI

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E106-B, no.1, pp.1-17, 2023-01-01

被引用文献数

1

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It is of great significance to design a stable and reliable routing protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) that adopt Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communications in the face of frequent network topology changes. In this paper, we propose a hybrid routing algorithm, RCRIQ, based on improved Q-learning. For an established cluster structure, the cluster head is used to select the gateway vehicle according to the gateway utility function to expand the communication range of the cluster further. During the link construction stage, an improved Q-learning algorithm is adopted. The corresponding neighbor vehicle is chosen according to the maximum Q value in the neighbor list. The heuristic algorithm selects the next-hop by the maximum heuristic function value when selecting the next-hop neighbor node. The above two strategies are comprehensively evaluated to determine the next hop. This way ensures the optimal selection of the next hop in terms of reachability and other communication parameters. Simulation experiments show that the algorithm proposed in this article has better performance in terms of routing stability, throughput, and communication delay in the urban traffic scene.

著者

Hequn LI Die LIU Jiaxi LU Hai ZHAO Jiuqiang XU

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E105-B, no.12, pp.1508-1518, 2022-12-01

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Industrial networks need to provide reliable communication services, usually in a redundant transmission (RT) manner. In the past few years, several device-redundancy-based, layer 2 solutions have been proposed. However, with the evolution of industrial networks to the Industrial Internet, these methods can no longer work properly in the non-redundancy, layer 3 environments. In this paper, an SDN-based reliable communication framework is proposed for the Industrial Internet. It can provide reliable communication guarantees for mission-critical applications while servicing non-critical applications in a best-effort transmission manner. Specifically, it first implements an RT-based reliable communication method using the Industrial Internet's link-redundancy feature. Next, it presents a redundant synchronization mechanism to prevent end systems from receiving duplicate data. Finally, to maximize the number of critical flows in it (an NP-hard problem), two ILP-based routing & scheduling algorithms are also put forward. These two algorithms are optimal (Scheduling with Unconstrained Routing, SUR) and suboptimal (Scheduling with Minimum length Routing, SMR). Numerous simulations are conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. The results show that it can provide reliable, duplicate-free services to end systems. Its reliable communication method performs better than the conventional best-effort transmission method in terms of packet delivery success ratio in layer 3 networks. In addition, its scheduling algorithm, SMR, performs well on the experimental topologies (with average quality of 93% when compared to SUR), and the time overhead is acceptable.

著者

Atsushi FUKUDA Hiroshi OKAZAKI Shoichi NARAHASHI

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E105-C, no.12, pp.740-749, 2022-12-01

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This paper presents a novel frequency-controlled beam steering scheme for a phased-array antenna system (PAS). The proposed scheme employs phase-controlled carrier signals to form the PAS beam. Two local oscillators (LOs) and delay lines are used to generate the carrier signals. The carrier of one LO is divided into branches, and then the divided carriers passing through the corresponding delay lines have the desired phase relationship, which depends on the oscillation frequency of the LO. To confirm the feasibility of the scheme, four-branch PAS transmitters are configured and tested in a 10-GHz frequency band. The results verify that the formed beam is successfully steered in a wide range, i.e., the 3-dB beamwidth of approximately 100 degrees, using LO frequency control.

著者

Xiang BI Shengzhen YANG Benhong ZHANG Xing WEI

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E105-B, no.12, pp.1487-1497, 2022-12-01

被引用文献数

1

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Multi-hop V2V communication is a fundamental way to realize data transmission in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET). It has excellent potential in intelligent transportation systems and automatic vehicle driving, and positively affects the safety, reliability, and comfort of vehicles. With advantages in speed and trajectory, distribution along the route, size, etc., the urban buses have become prospective relay nodes for urban VANETs. However, it is a considerable challenge to construct stable and reliable (meeting the requirements of bandwidth, delay, and bit error rate) multi-hop routing because of the complexity of the urban road and bus line network in the communication area, as well as many unevenly distributed buses on the road, etc. Given this above, this paper proposes a new hierarchical routing algorithm based on V2V geographic topology segmentation. Urban hierarchical routing is divided into two layers. The first layer of routing is called coarse routing, which is composed of areas; the second layer of routing is called internal routing (bus routing within the area). Q-learning is used to formulate the sequence of buses that transmit information within each area. Details are as follows: Firstly, based on a city map containing road network information, the entire city is divided into small grids by physical streets. Secondly, based on an analysis of the characteristics of the adjacent grid bus lines, the grids with the same routing attributes are integrated into the same area, reducing the algorithm's computational complexity during route discovery. Then, for the calculated area set, a coarse route composed of the selected area is established by filtering out a group of areas satisfying from the source node to the destination node. Finally, the bus sequence between anchor intersections is selected within the chosen area, and a complete multi-hop route from the source node to the destination node is finally constructed. Sufficient simulations show that the proposed routing algorithm has more stable performance in terms of packet transmission rate, average end-to-end delay, routing duration, and other indicators than similar algorithms.

著者

Naoya HIEDA Keita MORIMOTO Akito IGUCHI Yasuhide TSUJI Tatsuya KASHIWA

出版者

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers

雑誌

IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Electronics (ISSN:09168516)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.E105-C, no.11, pp.652-659, 2022-11-01

被引用文献数

10

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In order to increase communication capacity, the use of millimeter-wave and terahertz-wave bands are being actively explored. Non-radiative dielectric waveguide known as NRD guide is one of promising platform of millimeter-wave integrated circuits thanks to its non-radiative and low loss nature. In order to develop millimeter wave circuits with various functions, various circuit components have to be efficiently designed to meet requirements from application side. In this paper, for efficient design of NRD guide devices, we develop a topology optimal design technique based on function-expansion-method which can express arbitrary structure with arbitrary geometric topology. In the present approach, recently developed two-dimensional full-vectorial finite element method (2D-FVFEM) for NRD guide devices is employed to improve computational efficiency and several evolutionary approaches, which do not require appropriate initial structure depending on a given design problem, are used to optimize design variables, thus, NRD guide devices having desired functions are efficiently obtained without requiring designer's special knowledge.