著者

大本 道央

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2009, no.15, pp.29-38, 2009 (Released:2012-02-29)

参考文献数

4

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A discussion of results and a conclusion in a research article each offer detailed information about findings of the study and their importance. A discussion of results provides convincing data in paragraphs with a subheading of “Results” that support laws, theories or principles, and it explains the results in paragraphs with a subheading of “Discussion.” A conclusion, usually shown in paragraphs with a subheading of “Conclusion,” presents the summary of results and the applicability and influence of the research. Many articles in Nature, however, have no paragraphs with a subheading of “Conclusion” because a discussion of results in such articles includes the content of a conclusion in paragraphs with a subheading of “Discussion.” In producing the text, the selection of verbs, especially predicatives, and of their forms in the tense, aspect, mood and voice greatly determine the effectiveness of the sentences. The verbs giving results are most effective in the simple past or sometimes in the present perfect, but those giving universally acknowledged truths should be in the simple present. Modal verbs can also be used. May, could, can and might are often used to show lower possibility, and will is used in the sentence mentioning the future study.

著者

長野 格 秋山 武清 豊田 暁

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2004, no.11, pp.69-78, 2004-09-15 (Released:2010-03-12)

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English prepositions such as ‘of’, ‘at’, ‘in’ as well as some others may be used to show the relationships between an organization and its members.This thesis deals with this use of prepositions in the following four cases:1-1. Professor NAME+PREPOSITION+UNIVERSITY NAME (e. g. Professor John Smith of ABC University)1-2. Mr./Mrs., etc. NAME+PREPOSITION+COMPANY NAME (e. g. Mr. John Smith at the ABC Company)2-1. NAME, (a) professor+PREPOSITION+UNIVERSITY NAME (e. g. John Smith, professor at ABC University)2-2. NAME, (a) POSITION NAME+PREPOSITION+COMPANY NAME (e. g. Mr. John Smith, a manager at the ABC Company)This use of prepositions was researched through the implementation of questionnaires, news media analysis and the analysis of business communication examples. As a result, the following conclusions were made:(1) ‘OF’ is the recommendable preposition for 1-1.(2) ‘OF’ is the recommendable preposition for 1-2, but ‘AT’ is also possible.(3) ‘AT’ is the recommendable preposition for 2-1.(4) For 2-2, as a general rule, ‘OF’ is used in cases where the person of the title controls the whole of the organization; and ‘AT’ is used in cases where the person controls part of the organization.

著者

村上 直久

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2009, no.15, pp.47-55, 2009 (Released:2012-02-29)

参考文献数

3

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This paper aims to analyze the placement of punctuation marks, especially commas and periods, in relation to quotation marks.   It suggests that the most striking point within the quote-punctuation placement is the difference between the British and American usages in the case of commas and periods. Universal American usage places commas and periods inside the quotation marks, regardless of logic, while in the British usage, punctuation marks go inside quotation marks if they relate to the words quoted, outside if they relate to the main sentence. Why the difference? It appears that the British usage upholds logic, while the American one follows convention.   The findings are mainly based on the examination of articles of some major American and British newspapers as well as of stylebooks of leading U.S. wireservices.

著者

大塚 賀弘

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1997, no.5, pp.1-11, 1997-09-23 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

19

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This paper will give a functional account of preposing the adverbial phrase, during the weekend in the embedded clause of the matrix sentence: “Nine people are believed to have been killed during the weekend.”The author would tend to de-emphasize grammatical explanations for theplacement of “during the weekend” and rather look at it functionally. For most purpose of communication, the placement of an adverbial phrase becomes significant only when a matrix sentence is being crafted for a particular purpose.The reader or listener would be unlikely to be consciously aware of the subtlety in this case, though the impact would be greater.The author would depend on context to choose how to use the clause, “ during the weekend”.Case 1: Nine people are believed to have been killed during the weekend.In this case people and their number come to the fore. The “who” context rather than the “when” context is considered more important. This style would be used if the writer or announcer considered the human tragedy more worthy of attention than the time context.Case 2: During the weekend, nine people are believed to have been killed.As in the case of a broadcast news report, the announcer would begin a news story with these words to set a time coontext. He or she would also use the words to provide continuity with a previous piece also set in that time period; however, in that case he or she would be more likely to say, “Also during the weekend”.Case 3: Nine people are believed, during the weekend, to have been killed.This is the least likely case. The author finds the sentence awkward. This would be used only if it were necessary to provide emphasis to both “nine people” and “killed”. A newscaster might say, “Horror has struck Montana! Nine people are believed, during the weekend, to have been killed. Police are still searching for the gunman who....”.

著者

村山 康雄

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2004, no.11, pp.57-68, 2004-09-15 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

19

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Many English-Japanese dictionaries and English-usage dictionaries in Japan classify ‘probably’, ‘likely’, ‘possibly’, ‘perhaps’ and ‘maybe’ into the same group, all of which indicate the possibility of occurrence of something. Some of them further show their respective percentages.In this paper I will show that these words are divided into two groups according to whether they express the speaker's certainty or not. ‘Probably’, ‘likely’ and ‘possibly’ indicate that the speaker is certain that something will happen, while ‘perhaps’ and ‘maybe’ indicate that he is not certain. Some syntactic features such as the following will support this analysis: the former group words can be modified by ‘very’ and ‘quite’, and take comparative and superlative forms, and the latter group words can modify a number with the meaning ‘about’.

著者

小屋 多恵子

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2006, no.12, pp.1-18, 2006-09-15 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

30

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility that the notion of collocation competence will change from the one which only native speakers of English can establish or confirm to the one which all the educated English speakers can accept and share. To this purpose, a survey was conducted to ascertain whether some native speakers of English, advanced EFL learners in Asian countries and Japanese returnees would accept unclear answers produced by 130 Japanese university students. The main result was that advanced EFL learners in Asian countries and Japanese returnees had a wider acceptance of collocations than did native speakers of English. This finding would indicate that we should contribute to the promotion of acceptable English collocations which can be understood and shared by all the educated speakers of any variety.

著者

黒滝 真理子

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1999, no.7, pp.39-52, 1999-09-25 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

18

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The purpose of this paper is to examine some features of “will” in the progressive form. This form of “will” has been the most difficult of all future meanings to characterise, from the standpoint of functional politeness. It can be summed up as “future-as-a-matter-of-course”. The progressive form of “will” is used tactfully in daily conversation. When used in this form, “will” not only expresses polite interest, but relieves the burden of a response from the listener. It can depict an activity as if it were independent of the speaker's volition. This form of “will” can also be used to reconfirm previous plans, by implying “in addition to...”.These observations suggest that “will” in the progressive form is basically an expression in which the speaker is aware of the listener, resulting in the appearance of polite discourse.

著者

秋山 武清

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2006, no.12, pp.57-67, 2006-09-15 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

14

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This paper aims to clarify the current use of abbreviations and acronyms used in English e-mails. The research was achieved by conducting a fact-finding survey of students attending San Francisco State University (SFSU).In the survey, respondents were asked to reply by choosing one of three answers pertaining to their use of a variety of abbreviations and acronyms: (A) “I frequently use it”, (B) “I sometimes use it”, or (C) “I don't use it.” The average answers of (A), (B), and (C) were 11.7%, 12.6% and 75.8% respectively. The respondents were 71 students from SFSU.The results of the survey show that abbreviations and acronyms which were tested are being used less frequently than expected. However, the findings from such a small-scale survey may be inconclusive, since a much larger-scale survey might be needed to grasp the general tendency regarding the use of such English abbreviations and acronyms in e-mails. Nevertheless, the general assertion that e-mail English is “a conversational style of English using a lot of abbreviations, acronyms and emoticons” is not always correct, as this survey helps to prove. Instead, e-mail English is better defined as a dynamic langage conducted by e-mails in English to convey an idea with the intention of promoting and accomplishing the purpose of the communication. This is a slightly modified point of view from Professor Mikito Nakamura's definition of business English (Nakamura, 1960).The Nakamura's definition is an epoch-making viewpoint that prevents us from considering technical communication as merely a kind of langue, that is, a system of peculiar words and phrases. This viewpoint may also help researchers of English for Specific Purposes better grasp some of the intrinsic qualities of technical communication.

著者

中原 功一朗

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2006, no.12, pp.99-109, 2006-09-15 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

17

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The purpose of this study is to report on the results of the survey covering 121 examinees on their opinions on their language use and language situations conducted in the Philippines in January of 2005, make some comments on them and discuss the future of English and Filipino there. The findings from the survey are: 1) the examinees' English proficiency level is generally high but not many of them use English much in their daily communication, 2) they think that they are in trouble to a certain degree when they cannot use English in the Philippines in the situations related to their careers but they do not in their private lives, 3) they do not think they are in much trouble even when they can use neither Tagalog nor Filipino there in any of the 12 places/situations questioned in this study, 4) more than half of them think that Filipino is the same language as Tagalog and 5) many of them think the official languages in the Philippines ten years from now will be both English and Filipino. In conclusion, this study claims that it should take a long time and be difficult for Filipino to replace English, giving three reasons.

著者

青柳 由紀江

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2009, no.15, pp.1-12, 2009 (Released:2012-02-29)

参考文献数

26

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This paper presents some basic guidelines for applying the “you-attitude” to business messages. The “you-attitude” is a traditional and fundamental business communication axiom‚ but most textbooks have provided only general or selectively specific guidelines. To implement a “you-attitude‚” the communicator should begin by defining the purpose relating to the recipient's needs‚ emphasize the recipient's benefits‚ show respect by adopting strategies from linguistic politeness theories‚ use positive expressions‚ favor plain language‚ produce powerful visual effects‚ and supply precise data in precise diction. These guidelines could be integrated into the memorable and usable principles of the “Seven Ps”: Be Purposeful‚ Profitable‚ Polite‚ Positive‚ Plain‚ Powerful‚ and Precise. The principles of the Seven Ps are tentatively formulated and their validity is examined further.

著者

小屋 多恵子

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1997, no.5, pp.23-36, 1997-09-23 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

22

著者

高橋 信弘

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2002, no.10, pp.29-35, 2002-09-21 (Released:2010-03-12)

参考文献数

10

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This paper presents the outcome of a study concerning which specific here- and there- words occur, how often, and what alternative words or phrases might be used. Below is a brief summary of our methodology.1. All the here- and there- compounds were selected from a number of agreements made by U. S. personal computer manufacturers and a Japanese companies.2. The data were organized in the form of a matrix chart. The results of our findings were as follows:* U. S. companies made much more frequent use of in this agreement or of this agreement than herein or hereof.* The there- compounds were less used than the here- compounds, and the frequency of there- was extremely low.We conclude that U. S. businessmen prefer plain English to the legal wording that was used traditionally for agreements or contracts, when the meaning of plain English phraseology conveys the same meaning as traditional legal phraseology. We conclude that U. S. businessmen feel that a simpler mode of expression more appropriately reflects their values and style.

著者

原田 慎一

出版者

日本実用英語学会

雑誌

日本実用英語学会論叢 (ISSN:1883230X)

巻号頁・発行日

no.14, pp.31-39, 2008-09