著者

YOKOYAMA Satoshi

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.1, pp.62-74, 2013-07-30 (Released:2013-07-31)

参考文献数

129

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This article reviewes the research trends in Nature and Society Studies authored by Japanese geographers, which have appeared in academic journals in the geography field in Japan from the 1980s onwards; these are organized into three categories, “land-use and subsistence activities,” “biological resources and subsistence activities” and “the environment and resources.” In two of the categories of “land-use and subsistence activities” and “biological resources and subsistence activities,” there has been substantial research conducted which deals with cases in developing countries. Yet, research on domestic activities in Japan where significant economic development has already been achieved remains scarce. The reason for this seems to be that research dealing with domestic agriculture, forestry, livestock and fishery conducted from the geographical perspective has not emphasized the subsistence aspect of these activities but rather these were considered as a part of industries. Accordingly, the majority of research in these areas is conducted from the perspective of economic geography. In regards to the research on “the environment and resources,” it became evident that Nature and Society Studies has not yet determined what type of approach should be taken to analyze the environment/resource use and environmental perception. The Nature and Society Study Group represents a new field in Japanese geography but its significance for research on human–nature interactions has gradually come to be recognized in the community of Japanese geographers through various activities including symposiums. Preparing for and coping with natural hazards, the environment and development, sustainable resource use, environmental change and survival are all the targets of Nature and Society Studies, and research in these areas is expected to develop in the future.

著者

MURAYAMA Yuji

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.86, no.1, pp.75-81, 2013-07-30 (Released:2013-07-31)

参考文献数

37

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GIS studies in Japan started to develop in the 1970s. At this time, quantitative geographers committed to GIS, and came to grips with methods to implement quantitative analysis, together with computer mapping. In the 1980s, spatial analysis with GIS emerged. With the spread of PCs at the beginning of the 1990s it became possible even for non-GIS specialists to use GIS; hence, empirical studies using GIS became popular in various fields of geography. Previously, GIS research in Japan was dominated mainly by GIS theories and techniques from the West, but with the advent of the 21st century, GIS research originating from Japan could also be found. In order to advance further GIS research, it is necessary to implement studies closely related to society. It is important to understand the needs of the public and citizens precisely, and to put research into practice that makes use of GIS for the benefit of Japanese society. Armed with refined GIS techniques, new methodological approaches are expected to affect positively urban planning and regional policy.

著者

NGO Duc Tung SAKAI Tetsuro MORIYA Kazuyuki MIZUNO Kei

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.1, pp.39-55, 2012 (Released:2012-12-30)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

2 2

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This study aims to explore local participation in relation to benefits in community forest management (CFM) in Thua Thien Hue province, central Vietnam, and to clarify the potential and challenges of sustainable forest management. Focusing on structural perspectives, the actor’s perspective, benefit flows, and benefit sharing in communities, this study examines the factors that shape the possibilities and constraints of local participation and benefits under models of forest management by household groups and by village communities. The findings reveal a gap between participation and benefit policies and CFM practices. CFM is an initiative approach that includes secure and substantial property rights, and the advantage of developing local institutional arrangements. It has encouraged local people to participate in forest protection and management activities, as well as improved opportunities for communities to benefit from forest resources. Moreover, creating timber benefit-sharing mechanisms based on certain numbers of trees in each diameter class has advantages over a system based on timber reserves. However, the overall benefits of CFM are still not considered to be significant by local communities. Transparency, effective participation, and accountability in terms of good internal governance were found to be weak. Additionally, it is challenging to motivate villager participation in forest protection and development activities because of the poor quality of allocated forest areas and the high percentage of poor households in communities. Communities lacked assistance and support from relevant stakeholders and thus had little power to solve critical situations such as treating violators, covering the costs of forest management and protection activities, and building forest enrichment and livelihood models. Therefore, to achieve a sustainable CFM model, an integrated approach is needed that considers whether a community forest reflects community values and produces benefits.

著者

NISHIHARA Jun ISHIKAWA Yoshitaka HIRATSUKA Hitomi KAWASAKI Yukari

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.2, pp.57-73, 2013 (Released:2013-05-29)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1 2

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In this paper, we analyze the current situation of international marriage in the Tokai region, which is one of Japan’s most industrialized regions and has a higher rate of international marriage than the national average. We used Vital Statistics of Japan for the region’s prefectures (Gifu, Shizuoka, Aichi, and Mie Prefectures) and data from our mailed questionnaire for municipalities to examine the factors of international marriage related to geographical background. These investigations were carried out through correlation and regression analyses at the prefecture, daily-life area, and municipality levels. Consequently, three key findings emerged. First, the Tokai prefectures have different characteristics of spouse nationality in international marriages than those of Japan as a whole. Second, the municipalities with a high international marriage rate are located in underpopulated areas in mountainous and peninsular regions as well as in the highly industrialized areas, especially large cities. Third, the correlation and regression analyses of all 47 prefectures in Japan clarify that the disparities in the sex ratio of unmarried persons, the characteristics of an area’s industrialization, and the foreign population are geographical background factors determining the incidence of international marriages. However, as the geographical scale of the analysis became smaller, almost no meaningful geographical background factor could be identified at either the daily-life area or municipal level in the Tokai region.

著者

SUZUKI Koshiro

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.2, pp.74-83, 2013 (Released:2013-05-29)

参考文献数

31

被引用文献数

1 2

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The aim of this study is to prove the existence of cultural diversity in human spatial cognition between Japanese and Americans by conducting a cross-cultural wayfinding experiment. Twenty Japanese and 19 US university students were instructed to walk through a route on campus twice using either a map or a written direction and were asked to evaluate the effectiveness of the materials used on a 7 grade scale after each trial. They were also asked to compare the usability of the two materials after completing the trials. Their errors and time-performance were also measured. The results derived from an application of a quantitative analysis revealed the existence of cultural differences in the relative evaluation task, although the actual performances did not show a significant difference. Furthermore, their absolute evaluation scores of the first trials obtained from the language-first group indicated that Americans gave written directions considerably higher ratings than Japanese, whereas the second trials of the map-first group disclosed that Japanese rate the same material considerably lower than Americans. The results demonstrated that participants felt discomfort with the less familiar medium even when the wayfinding task was easy enough to follow. Such uneasiness may stem from the cultural schema of spatial descriptions to which they have been familiar. When the description style of provided material was not archetypal from the viewpoint of their shared cultural schema of geographic description, people tended to feel larger discomfort because of the mismatch.

著者

Richard HOWITT

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.2, pp.95-96, 2013 (Released:2013-05-29)

参考文献数

4

著者

LI Nana

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.2, pp.44-59, 2012 (Released:2012-03-31)

参考文献数

40

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This article aims to discuss the location types and location patterns of the R&D institutions of manufacturing enterprises in Shanghai. Such R&D institutions are classified into four location types according to the location relationship between them and other organizations: Headquarters-Production type, Headquarters type, Production type, and Independent type, among which the Headquarters-Production type is the most common. Most R&D institutions are concentrated in industrial zones or hi-tech parks. However, there are differences in industry and location pattern among the various types of R&D institutions. The Headquarters-Production and Production types are most common in the equipment and chemical industries with a wide distribution throughout the surburbs. The location patterns of the Headquarters and Independent types are similar: they are most common in the industrial zones near the central city. Various location factors lead to the diversity in location types and patterns seen in R&D institutions. Enterprises pay great attention to the need for all of their organizations to cooperate when establishing R&D institutions. As an enterprise grows, organizational separation is inevitable, leading to a variety of R&D location types. In this process, limited land scale and rising land costs in urban cities become important factors that accelerate the surburbanization of R&D institutions. Furthermore, the need for human resources, and the well-developed transport systems and communication networks in Shanghai make it unnecessary to be close to local universities or research institutes. In addition, regional image has also aroused concern and has become an important factor in the choice of R&D location.

著者

KUKIMOTO Mikoto WAKABAYASHI Yoshiki YUI Yoshimichi

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.2, pp.60-70, 2012 (Released:2012-03-31)

参考文献数

27

被引用文献数

2 3

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The goal of this study is to examine the background and characteristics of the childcare culture in Okinawa, Japan. Particular attention is focused on the implementation of policy changes by the Japanese central government in reaction to Japan's Child Welfare Act. Specifically, we clarify the historical background of the childcare culture in Okinawa, as well as discuss the conflict posed by the aforementioned policy changes. Okinawa's childcare culture came about as the result of international and national influences. In the international context, with the American occupation of Okinawa after the Second World War, American-style educational policies, such as the preschool kindergarten system, became a priority for the Okinawa government. In the national context, the application of the Child Welfare Act by Japan's central government, as well as a shortage of authorized nursery centers, was instrumental in formulating Okinawa's childcare culture. As a result, the majority of Okinawa's five-year-old children now attend kindergarten, making it possible for them to make friends and prepare for their future elementary-school education. Children in dual-income families, however, have faced difficulty in receiving after-school care, since many public kindergartens closed earlier than nursery centers did. Traditionally, dual-income families have received after-school care services after kindergartens closed; however, after 1997, institutionalization of after-school care programs by the central government led to a new problem. For full-time working mothers attempting to balance their respective job and family responsibilities, local-government-organized public kindergartens' extended services were found to be inconvenient. As a result, a conflict occurred in Okinawa between the local childcare culture and the central government policy.

著者

KUBO Sumiko

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.2, pp.71-80, 2012 (Released:2012-03-31)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

2 5

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A geomorphological survey map of the Arakawa Lowland (the lower Arakawa River basin in the Kanto Plain, central Japan) documents several groups of paleomeanders suggestive of channel shifts of the Arakawa River during historical times (last ca. 2,000 years). However, the sequence and timing of these changes of the river are unclear. I examined geomorphological features of paleomeanders and lithological analyses of natural levee deposits, along with historical records on channel modifications, to summarize the current state of knowledge. I differentiate four groups of paleomeanders with different meander wavelengths along the present Arakawa River. The set with the smallest wavelengths is on the Moto-Arakawa River, considered to be a distributary prior to river modifications starting in the 17th century. The second smallest is of late 19th century derived from earlier topographic maps. The set with middle-sized wavelengths can be correlated with the main trunk in the Middle Ages, and the set with the largest wavelengths is suggested to be from an ancient large river that combined the flows from the Tone and Arakawa Rivers. Lithological analyses of deposits along the large paleomeander indicate sediment input from the Tone River watershed. More historical and geomorphological evidence and dating results are required to confirm these arguments.

著者

SEO Bongman

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.1, pp.1-16, 2012 (Released:2012-12-30)

参考文献数

74

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Using a geo-relational framework, the paper has examined how the geography of Japanese banks’ globalization has been shaped by dynamics of regional relational geometries. In so doing, the paper analyzes Japanese banks’ global operations through their relational dynamics vis-à-vis non-Japanese banks in processing syndicated credit transactions rather than documenting office networks or counting international assets. The research findings suggest that Japanese banks had to internationalize their operations to the US and Western Europe due to lack of market opportunities in home/regional markets. However, in US and Western European markets Japanese banks suffered from liability of foreignness because of sustained or reinforced competitiveness of US and Western European banks. In short, Japanese banks’ globalization is conditioned by geo-positionality of Japanese banks that is largely shaped by the geographies of existing market opportunities, and syndicate network structures that have facilitated the dominance of US and Western European banks. As a result, Japanese banks have played the role of fund suppliers under the dominance of US and Western European market-markers.

著者

RANAWEERAGE Eranga

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.1, pp.17-28, 2012 (Released:2012-12-30)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

2

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People and wild animals constantly compete for limited resources of the planet, and mitigating these conflicts to allow co-existence is key to the well being of the world. This research revealed a conflict between an agricultural community and wild elephants in the Central Province of Sri Lanka, in a protected area where people and elephants exist within the same boundary sharing the natural resources directly. The conflict negatively impacted on the lives of people as well as elephants as there were both elephant-induced damage and human-induced damage. The change in attitudes and increased intolerance of farmers towards elephants as a consequence of the new conservation rules and regulations in the area added to the intensity of the conflict. Community support and involvement in the conservation process and the value of traditional livelihood are important factors in mitigating the issue.

著者

OKA Shuichi KANNO Hiromitsu

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.85, no.1, pp.29-38, 2012 (Released:2012-12-30)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

1 2

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We studied the relationship between slope processes and plant community structure on the northwestern side of Mt. Fuji. This slope has a stepped microtopography between 2700 and 2950 meters above sea level, with a particularly well-defined structure between 2800 and 2850 m. This stepped microtopography is almost certainly caused by periglacial process and acts as a foundation for the development of islands of plant communities. These communities are concentrated on riser sections of the steps, with virtually no growth on flat, terraced areas. Ground temperature monitoring and paint-line exposure experiments showed that the gravel is unstable on the terraces but stable on the risers. It is proposed that the vegetation distribution is determined by the stability of the surface materials. In addition, variation in snow depth by step component should have an effect on the vegetation distribution. The plant community composition is diverse on the upper slopes; Salix reinii is predominant and mosses are also prominent. The lower slopes are dominated by tree species, including Larix kaempferi and Betula ermanii. L. kaempferi had fewer annual rings with increasing slope elevation, suggesting that populations were established at different times at different altitudes. We predict that primary succession at the tree line has moved to progressively higher elevations on the northwestern slope of Mt. Fuji using the stepped microtopography as a foundation.

著者

KIKUCHI Toshio TAIRA Atsushi

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.2, pp.31, 2012 (Released:2012-03-31)

著者

NORITO Takashi

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.2, pp.32-43, 2012 (Released:2012-03-31)

参考文献数

28

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This article defines the East Asian food systems as chains of food production, supply and consumption in East Asia, and analyzes the structural characteristics and dynamics. First, to clarify the concept, this paper presents two analytical viewpoints of the East Asian food systems as a “collective entity” (comprehending each nation’s food system separately) and as a “joint entity” (an intersection of each nation’s food system through intra-regional food trade), and describes each of the structural characteristics and dynamics with statistical data. As for the “collective entity,” its structural characteristics involve Westernization and sophistication of diets in East Asian countries. With regard to the “joint entity,” one of its structural characteristics is a trade expansion in processed foods exported from China and ASEAN states and imported to Japan. Second, in order to illuminate the deployment of Japanese agribusinesses that have led the trade growth of processed foods, this article focuses on umeboshi, Japanese plum with a long history of foreign trade, and analyzed the roll-out of the develop-and-import schemes by the umeboshi processors. As the base of the develop-and-import schemes has moved from Taiwan to China in the 1990s, this article has looked at the transfer process in depth, and found that important factors are cultural and political distances that affect business relations between umeboshi processors as micro-level agents, in the midst of such macro-scale movement as economic development in East Asia.

著者

KUBO Tomoko

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.1, pp.27-28, 2011 (Released:2011-12-03)

参考文献数

1

著者

SUGIMOTO Koun

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.84, no.1, pp.29, 2011 (Released:2011-12-03)

著者

Eranga Hemanthi Ranaweera RANAWEERAGE

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.1, pp.77-78, 2010-09-30 (Released:2010-10-10)

著者

Matteo GISMONDI

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.2, pp.79-88, 2011-03-30 (Released:2011-05-26)

参考文献数

32

被引用文献数

1 1

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Italy is a major tourist attraction for Europeans and the rest of the world's population because of its natural and cultural beauty. The high influx of tourists after the 1950s provoked an uncontrollable urbanization in Italy, which primarily occurred in coastal areas. The region of Liguria, which is located in Northwest Italy, suffered heavily during this period, and the progressive degradation of the landscape has been a topic of discussion in Liguria and the European community for the past few decades. This study employed Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to identify the areas visible from roads that are frequently used by tourists. Visibility analysis has been proposed as a method to help focus rehabilitation processes on the most visible areas. The lack of conservation demonstrates the progressive abandonment of rural areas and suggests that forest fires are degrading the quality of the landscape. Historical and typical cultivation areas, however, have been suggested as targets for initiation of the rehabilitation process. A balance is required between the development of the tourist infrastructure and the preservation of the local identity to allow for economic development while maintaining the natural and historical heritage of the region.

著者

TRUONG Quang Hoang

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.2, pp.89-102, 2011-03-30 (Released:2011-05-26)

参考文献数

16

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In Vietnam, a legal framework for Community Forest Management (CFM) development has been established since 2003. Although the government has paid increasing attention to development, CFM has yet to show notable signs of progress in this area. This paper aims to understand problems and challenges to CFM development. A field survey was conducted through different methods in which information was cross-checked for credibility. In August of 2009, an interview using visual tools was applied to informants with low education and considerable language barriers for reliable information. The results of this study showed that current laws and regulations of the time had been insufficient in supporting CFM development. These interviews indicate that during the process of implementing forest and forestland allocation policy, there was little effort to build people's awareness of the project or to properly develop the skills of those designated to work in a managerial capacity, and overall participation was limited due to the poor approach employed by policy implementers. Outside actors have less support and poor collaboration with the village community, leading to many villagers with poor knowledge of the laws, regulations and policy. Village regulation was less effective, and many households lost a chance to benefit from community forest. The CFM system did not function well and serious conflicts happened. Moreover, it was found that people's lack of arable land put a large pressure on CFM. The village failed to cover certain costs for the CFM operation as expected. Errors in defining forest boundary will make it difficult to stop severe disputes in the allocated forest. Failure to realize forestry production causes a decrease in people's interest and motivation to CFM.

著者

UOI Natsuko

出版者

The Association of Japanese Geographers

雑誌

Geographical review of Japan series B (ISSN:18834396)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.83, no.2, pp.103-104, 2011-03-30 (Released:2011-05-26)