著者

鈴木 そよ子

出版者

奈良女子大学

雑誌

奈良女子大学教育学科年報 (ISSN:09183604)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, pp.125-136, 1995-12

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During the 1920s, many Japanese elementary school teachers tried new methods of teaching. There were several innovative approaches in public schools, private schools and attached schools. I knew New Education when I was at Nara Women's University. I grew up in Ehime Prefecture. When I was a high school student, I thought the school curriculum was not integrated. In order to understand the world and in order to find how to live, what kind of curriculum can we make? I have thought this matter during my student life. I had the idea, listening to the lectures about New Education. The teachers who practiced New Education, tried to construct school curriculums according to their practices. I collect the characteristics of New Education in public schools. (1)In the lessons, writing, making, discussing, describing, observating were important. Teachers used these as teaching materials. (2)Teachers started from what they tried to study. Composition and Mathematics in the children lives, making, and so on. (3)Teachers studied to make some groups according to the themes. (4)The principals were leaders of educational practices in the schools of New Education. And the City School Inspectors evaluated the methods of study in innovative schools positively as a way of improving education. (5)New Education declined not because the practices had many problems but because members of the teachers changed. (6)Teachers can make creative educational activities when they can construct the lessons according to their own teaching materials. These characteristics show, in order to educate children, teachers need free feelings, spirits and the sense of fulfillment. I think a good curriculum creates teacher's and children's sense of fulfillment and human dignity.

著者

宇佐見 香代

出版者

奈良女子大学

雑誌

奈良女子大学教育学科年報 (ISSN:09183604)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, pp.13-26, 1992-12

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On this thesis, I studied an issue of how learners acquire knowledges, a relation between objective recognition and life experience through Yoshibei NOMURA'S Work. He is famous for a leader of Life Education on educational history in 1920-30's in Japan. He emphasized his original thought of education and curriculum against actual education. His distinctive point of educational thought is an assertion to combine education with learner's life, an emphasis of child's experience in his or her life. And then his distinctive point of his curriculum is Studies of Human Life (Jinsei-ka), Studies of Life Skill (Seikatsu-ka) and Studies of Culture (Dokusyo-ka) against actual curriculum finely divined. Studies of Human Life and Studies of Life are subjects that need special attention on child's actual feeling. He aimed at definite growth of learner's ability to acquire objects of their researches by themselves, and with this ability, true acquisition of culture through reading with each reality. Consequently he made efforts to teach culture and to make children create new culture by Studies of Culture through reading. I think his thought and indication are full of suggestion when we must consider Life Studies established by the Ministry of Education from this year.

著者

山田 朋子

出版者

奈良女子大学

雑誌

奈良女子大学教育学科年報 (ISSN:09183604)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.11, pp.157-172, 1994-01

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This paper aims to clarify the reason why a selective examination in the high school sustem has been established in Japan, which is a part of a study on the development of upper secondary education in post - war Japan. The upper secondary school system was opened on April 1,1948 and was called "Shinsei Kotogakko". From the beginning, the number of applicants was higher than the capacity of high schools', therefor the system of entrance examination seemed to be inevitable. On the one hand, this gave the negative trends of establishing the examination system into the high schools and re -served the possibility that all applicants should enter into the high schools. On the other hand, the positive reason of establishing the entrance examination was a lack of the people, material, and financial conditions. While, the number of applicants for admission to upper secondary school was increased, the entrance examination system was changed in styles and contents. The standard of academic achievements was used more and more to select applicants. As to the system of entrance examination, the system of Osaka prefecture was the typical one, because of high percentage of students who go on a higher stage of education in comparison with other prefectures. Besides, in Osaka prefecture, the number of upper secondary schools was not decreased at that time. In other prefectures, the number of those was decreased. Because of this reason, the focus of this paper is centralized into the situation of Osaka prefecture. The author examined the transition of the numbers of new students and the points of evalution in the examinations in Osaka prefecture. The conclusions of this analysis are the following : 1. The lack of accommodation and the huge number of applicants caused to establish the en-trance examination system. 2. It shows the inclination of evaluating the academic performance during the process of establishment. 3. These conclusions suggest that the existing statuses and differences of high schools will accelerate the academic aspect of entrance examination.