著者

河宮 信郎 山田 恭暉

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.167, pp.129-137, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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Research and experiments of continuous casting (CC) of steel in Japan were started in 1947. The first semicommercial facil ies were built in late 1950's with the intention of applying CC to quality special steels to which the CC technology had been supposed to be bestfit in consideration of yield ratio and energy economy. The CC for special steels, however, came to a standstill because the quality requirements to the final products were not fulfilled. Successful implementation of the CC took place firstly in the late 1960's, in production of low quality billets mainly for cement concrete reinforcing bars, where the CC worked as a labor-saving process. In parallel with the billet CC, large-section slabs for rather low grade steel plates began to be continuous-cast, where the CC worked as an energy-saving and capital-saving (enabling omission of blooming mill) process. The slab CC achieved a high productivity compatible to that of basic 'oxygen furnaces but still failed to meet the steel quality required for sheet production. Essential contribution to the development of the CC technology came from practical know hows and improved equipments brought about by above-mentioned industrial operation for low grade steels rather than by the so-called R&D in laboratories. A further development of the CC technology especially in regard with steel quality and comparative-historical consideration thereabout will be given in a subsequent paper

著者

戸田 清

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.167, pp.138-151, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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J'ai etudie le rapport, surtout à partir de 1939, entre les institutions académiques, les pouvoirs publics, les industriels de tabac et la société concernant le problème du tabac. J'ai divisé l'histoire à partir de 1939 en quatre périodes. La première période (1939-1950) est marquée par les études rétrospectives qui montrent le lien entre le tabac et le cancer pulmonaire. Les compagnies de tabac des années quarante étaient aussi naīves que de recourir à une publicité, tell que "Medecins préfèrent notre marque." La deuxième période (1951-1966) est caractérisée par les études prospectives qui établissent le rapport entre le tabac et les cancers divers, les troubles respiratoires et cardiovasculaires. Les pouvoirs publics commencent à réglementer les publicités à la télévision et à la radio. En troisième période (1967-1974), les chercheurs commencent à prêter l'attention aux effets de la consommation de tabac par des parents sur la santé de leurs enfants. L'Organisation mondiale de la santé recommande la réduction de la consommation de tabac. Des mouvements anti-tabac tels que des procès contre les publicités de tabac se développment. Les compagnies de tabac indique la dose de nicotine et de goudron et reduit ces produits nocifs. La quatrième période (1975-aujourd'hui) est caractérisée par l'attention prêtée aux problèmes de fumeurs passifs parmi les adultes. Les gouvernements européens et américains et l'Organisation mondiale de la santé renforcent la campagne anti-tabac Au Japon le mouvement pour la protection des non-fumeurs commence en 1978. Les gigantesque entreprise multinationales de tabac qui souffrent de rabaissement des ventes se lancent dans l'accélération des ventes dans les pays du tiers monde.

著者

後藤 美智子

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.167, pp.152-165, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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Along with the purpose showed in the preceding paper (Journal of History of Science, Japan, No.165, 9(1988)), in this paper, clarified are the processes of Millikan's determination of the absolute value of e. It is noted that these processes are featured by the relation to Stokes' law. At this point of view, especially noted Millikan's purely empirical attitudes to the criticism and the challenge from PerrinRoux since Solvay Congress (1911). These had led Millikan to resolve the discrepancy between Cunningham's theoretical correction term to Stokes' law and Millikan's empirical results. Millikan's investigation of the slip coefficient and the complete law of fall using the oil-drop method brought about the conclusion for his correctness. These investigations completed the final stage of the oil-drop method and furthermore arose the new problems of the kinetic theory. Controlling his measurable objects at will, selecting the limiting factors exactly, and finally converting particular error sources into the new methods were the elements supporting his active attitude, "independently of theory". Millikan's "empirical" method was not only distinguished from the phenomenology in early 20th century but also a struggle against it. These conclusions are essentially opposed to the interpretations by Holton's "thematic presupposition" and Kargon's "conservative mode".

著者

山田 大隆 高田 誠二

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.167, pp.166-178, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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Sapporo Agricultural College (1876-1907), established by the Kaitakushi Branch of the Meiji Government and directed, in s early stage, by W. S Clark, the President of Massachusetts Agricultural College, had built a unique collection of foreign books of physics, significant not only in quantity but also in quality, through the Yedo and Meiji eras of Japan. A thorough investigation of the conserved books (113 copies) and a time-sequential analysis of introduction of them to the College library resulted in the following observations, where the year of publication and that of introduction were assumed to coincide and the whole sequence (1850-1907) were divided into each interval of five years; 1) As for the regional distribution of the original publication, three peaks are remarkable, the first at 1875 features American natural philosophy text books, the second at 1885 English natural philosophy ones and the third at 1895 German lecture series of physics, respectively. 2) More individually, the first peak is represented by Quackenbos * Natural Philosophy (1873), the second by Stewart's Lessons in Elementary Physics and the third by Violle's Lehrbuch der Physik (1892, tr.by Gumlich) as well as other German lecture series. Besides them, noticeable is the repeated introduction of Ganot's Elementary Treatise on Physics (tr. by Atkinson) over the whole period, particularly in 1890's.

著者

高田 誠二

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.167, pp.179-182, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.167, pp.183, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

著者

安孫子 誠也

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.168, pp.193-206, 1988 (Released:2021-09-01)

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While the formation of special relativity is usually described as an event in the particle-dynamical tradition, the present study asserts that it really derived from the chemico-thermal origin, in which A.Einstein participated at the start of his scientific career. Firstly, the student-life of A. Einstein is briefly sketched, discussing how he was studying writings of Helmholtz, Kirchhoff, Hertz and Boltzmann, independently of his university's course, and was considering about the light-velocity within the transparent moving materials. Nextly, commentary is made of Einstein's each paper up to 1905, in which is made clear how he was studying dissociation, diffusion and fluctuation, both thermodynamically and statistical-thermodynamically, paying much attention to the connection between macroscopic- and microscopic-aspects of matter. Thirdly, the motivation of his writing of "On the electrodynamics of moving bodies" is presented. It is pointed out that, in his Ph. D dissertation written early in 1905, he estimated viscosity-coefficient of liquid solution, by way of solving the hydrodynamical equation in the coordinate system of the soluteparticle at rest. Then, led by the analogical considerations, in order to estimate radiational friction coefficient of a body moving within the black-body radiation, he needed at that time the electromagnetic equation in the coordinate system of the gas-particle or the suspended small mirror at rest. It is also pointed out that the principle of relativity might have been suggested by the analogy with the Galileian invarince of the hydrodynamical equation, as well as by the energetic considerations on the relative motion of a conductor and a magnet. And, the constancy of light velocity might be the result of that principle applied to the Maxwelfs equation, and might be the extention to include the case of light quantum which does not obey the Maxwell's equation Lastly, a comment is made about the most important contributions of chemico-thermal origin to Einstein's formation of the special relativity They are :the reinterpretation of length and time as observable physical quantities, and the reconception of time, from absolutely defined mechanical time independent of the coordinate systems, to thermodynamical time. The latter is based on the signal-velocity of light in vacuum, i.e.the speed of dissipation into vacuum of the free energy preserved in the lightsource, and on the motion of needles in the windup-spring watches, which is also a process of dissipation of the free energy stored in the wound springs.

著者

山田 恭輝 河宮 信郎

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.168, pp.207-214, 1988 (Released:2021-09-01)

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This paper deals w h the later stages of the continuous casting (CC) technology in the steel industry of Japan, while our previous paper described the history of CC from s introduction to the early stages of commercial implementations. From late 196〇,s, the CC technology had been reinforced by several auxiliary and peripheral techniques. Firstly, nonmetallic inclusions and surface defects were reduced by introduction of large sized tundishes, immersion nozzles, vacuum degassing with argon bubbling, and powder casting. Such reinforcing techniques (RITs) en masse enabled CC (killed) steel slabs to replace rimmed steel ingots for thin sheets, the main product of the integrated steel mills. Another notable RIT, electromagnetic stirring, became available in late 19?〇,s, which remarkably improved metallurgical structure and minimized segregation of elements in CC blooms. This method in concert with the above-mentioned RITs was successfully applied tQ casting of special steel blooms for mechanical use products. Thus the CC technology grew to meet most kinds of steels and, by 1985, to replace ingot casting process almost entirely. Through the history of Co, it is noted that those various RITs were developed in the course of mass production of low grade products. Such situation can be compared to the history of the semiconductor industry where basic advancement of transistor and IC technologies took place in production of popular goods such as portable radios, quartz-oscillator watches and/or pocket calculators.

著者

北林 雅洋

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.168, pp.215-217, 1988 (Released:2021-09-01)

著者

下平 和夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.65-74, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

著者

合田 昌史

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.75-83, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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The Reconnaissance Portugal, it is said recently, had a great impact upon the normal science in the Renaissance Europe. It is true that the Portuguese navigators, especially Duarte Pacheco Pereira (c.1460-1534) and Joao de Castro (1500-1548), had taken the ancient authorities down easily for some matters of Cosmography through their own maritime experiences. But they could not break away from the Aristotelian Paradigm, however faultfinding they might be.

著者

林 隆夫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.84-92, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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The decimal place-value notation with a zero symbol (called bindu or a point) is found to be used in the Yavanajataka (A.D.269/270) of Sphujidhvaja, while the recognition of the zero as a number to be an object of mathematical operations can be attested in Var hamihira's Pancasiddhantika (ca.A.D.505). In this paper I have proposed the hypothesis that a place-value notation with a zero symbol and computation on board by using that notation, both of which existed in India in the early centuries of the Christian era, were the necessary conditions for the recognition of zero as a number.

著者

後藤 美智子

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.93-103, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

著者

藤村 淳

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.104-109, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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As is well known, the famous research of Ore C. Romer, who has confirmed the finiteness of light velocity and has estimated the value of it, is a very remarkable and important work in the history of physics. However, as is seen in several articles, it seems that there have been distributed rather widely some incomplete or erroneous understandings concerning his work. In this short note, studies are made on the investigating process of Romer on the problems of velocity of light, including some remarks of the interpretation of it in modern mathematical words.

著者

小林 龍彦 田中 薫

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.110-115, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

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There used to be a field called Senkyo problem or Common Part Problem in Wasan which the old Japanese mathematicians or Wasan experts earnestly studied during the Edo period. We have already explained in some journals that Takakazu Seki (1642?-1708) was able to solve the problems without using integral calculus. This time, we have found a new description about the missing note of T Seki in the introductory remarks and in the main body of KTangen Sanpo", which was wr ten by Shukei Irie in 1739 According to Irie's description, he called it uKongenki Enjutsu 16 Problems" And in the main body of the text Irie had cited, in order to solve a Senkyo Problem, that T.Seki had used an approximate formula to find the area of a segment of a circle. We were able to restore this approximate formula as follows: If we let d be the chord, c the altitude of a segment of a circle, and S the area, we have, (2d+c)cπ/10=S Through research of Irie's statement, regardless of it being true or not, we obtained some new facts about T. Seki as follows: Firstly, it is obvious that Seki studied "Sanpo Kongenki" written by Seiko Sato in 1669, from which he learned an approximate formula like the one mentioned above. We believe that this matter may create a new point of view on the study of T. Seki. Secondly, T. Seki must have made a note called "Kongenki Enjutsu 16 Problems" immediately after "Kokon Sanpoki" by Kazuyuki Sawaguchi was published. This is because K. Sawaguchi did not solve 16 out of 150 problems in "Sanpo Kongenki", which Sato poured out as new questions for Wasan experts of that time. Thus, we are able to place the missing note in an early time of his work. Thirdly, it is certain that Seki's successors have passed on this missing note for mathematical education and it existed until around the end of the first half of the 18th century.

著者

黒田 孝郎

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.116-118, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.166, pp.119, 1988 (Released:2021-09-06)

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.164, pp.227, 1987 (Released:2021-09-21)

著者

三浦 豊彦

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.165, pp.1-8, 1988 (Released:2021-09-21)

著者

後藤 美智子

出版者

日本科学史学会

雑誌

科学史研究 (ISSN:21887535)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.27, no.165, pp.9-23, 1988 (Released:2021-09-21)

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In this paper, clarified are the motivation leading the development and the contrivance featuring the processes of Millikan's verification of the elementary electrical charge, with the expectation as a case study for the new implication of the experimental researches in early 20th century physics. The controversy on the atomic theory, occurred in St.Louis Congress (1904), and Millikan's own photo-electric effect research drove him to the momentous question as to the reality of "the electron as the natural unit of electricity". Throughout his observational process ―"seeing the electron―, the confidence in and the limiting factors of his experimental apparatus are particularly noteworthy, as well as the active figures in his experimental methods in this period (1906-1911), especially in the process of converting the capture of ions by water droplets, found in the balanced method, into the core of his next oil-drop method. As to the process under consideration, his essential result was the direct verification of the atomic interpretation of both electricity and matter, confirmed independently of the uncertain theory of Stokes' law of fall of a small spherical body through a gas.