著者

Takashi Wada Katsuya Ichinose Hiroya Higuchi

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.3, pp.365-370, 1999-08-25 (Released:2008-02-07)

参考文献数

25

被引用文献数

12 16

---

Damage to direct-sown rice by th apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata, was investigated in two semi-field experiments using rain-free experimental plots (each 2 m2 in area). Four snails (2 snails/m2), with shell heights of approximately 19 mm or 24 mm, were released in the plots at the time of sowing When the plots were irrigated soon after sowing (0 or 4 days after sowing), the snails fed avidly on young seedlings and no plants became established Drainage after sowing greatly reduced snail damage. Eighty seven to 94% of plants as compared to the control plots without snails were established when plots were drained for two weeks. Three weeks of drainage could almost prevent damage by snails (95-99% of plant establishment) when the plant age was at about the 5.0 leaf stage. Snail damage was more severe when herbicide was applied. Water management after sowing in direct-seeded rice is discussed in view of reducing snail damage.

著者

Ryuichi Koga Tsutomu Tsuchida Takema Fukatsu

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.2, pp.281-291, 2009-05-25 (Released:2009-06-09)

参考文献数

35

被引用文献数

58 128

---

Oligonucleotide-probed fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) targeting 16S rRNA is a powerful technique for detecting and characterizing bacterial cells in environmental samples without cultivation; however, general application of the technique to insect endosymbionts has been hindered by the strong autofluorescence frequently observed in insect tissues. Here we describe a protocol that markedly reduces autofluorescence of insect tissues by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment, whereby 16S rRNA of bacterial endosymbionts is kept in a FISH-detectable condition. Among various histological fixatives, Carnoy's solution was superior in that whole insects were successfully fixed and autofluorescence of insect tissues was suppressed in comparison with the widely used formaldehyde-based fixatives. Treatment with both alcoholic 6% H2O2 solution and aqueous 6% H2O2 solution markedly reduced autofluorescence of the fixed insect tissues, wherein the former kept 16S rRNA of bacterial endosymbiont in a FISH-detectable condition while the latter failed to do so. The protocol was applicable to endosymbionts of diverse insects such as aphids, lice and bat flies. The protocol was applicable not only to fresh insect samples but also to archival insect samples preserved in acetone for several years. We propose a general and robust protocol for quenching autofluorescence of insect tissues for FISH detection of bacterial endosymbionts, which is potentially applicable to endosymbionts of a wider range of organisms with considerable autofluorescence.

著者

Kagawa Yoshitake Maeto Kaoru

出版者

日本応用動物昆虫学会

雑誌

Applied entomology and zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.1, pp.49-53, 2007-02-25

被引用文献数

2 4

---

We investigated the predatory ability of Carabus yaconinus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on larvae of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the laboratory. A C. yaconinus adult preyed on ca. 90 S. litura larvae at the second-instar stage during 24 h. The number of larvae killed in 24 h decreased to ca. 40, 30 and 20 at third-, fourth- and fifth-instar stages, respectively. The wet weight of S. litura larvae killed by a C. yaconinus in 24 h increased with the larval stages of S. litura, and was highest for the fifth-instar stage. C. yaconinus adults occasionally left the predation unfinished and bit another live prey. The proportion of half-eaten prey varied with the larval stage of the prey. C. yaconinus can efficiently kill large numbers of S. litura larvae; thus, it may play an important role as a natural enemy of lepidopteran pests in agricultural fields.

著者

Takashi Ohbayashi Hiroki Sato Shigeru Igawa

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.3, pp.339-343, 1999-08-25 (Released:2008-02-07)

参考文献数

18

被引用文献数

3 6

---

An epizootic caused by Massospora and Nomuraea species occurred in a population of cicada, Meimuna boninensis, an indigenous species of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan. The infection rate of Massospora sp. was 34.4%, and the abdominal cavity of the host was filled with resting spores which were brownish, and spherical, (av. 41 μm in diameter) with reticular ornamentation. The infection rate of Nomuraea cylindrospora was 16.7%, and greenish long (av. 21.4×4.3 μm) and short (av. 4.6×2.7μm) conidia were formed on phialide in chains. M. boninensis is recognized as a new host species for these fungi. The genus Massospora has not been recorded in Japan since 1946.

著者

Jiichiro Yoshimoto Takayoshi Nishida

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.3, pp.403-410, 2007 (Released:2007-09-20)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

12 14

---

Sap often exudes from the trunks of the oak, Quercus acutissima. Carpenterworms (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) are frequently observed at these sap sites and believed to be involved in exudation. Field observations from 2002 to 2004 showed that 20–40% of all patches (exuding spots on trees) harbored these insects and that roughly 20% of all patches had only their nests. The peak period of carpenterworm abundance corresponded to the peak number of patches harboring them in all 3 years (August 2002, September 2003, and July 2004). Patches with carpenterworms or their nests had a wider surface area and exuded more sap than patches without them or their nests. Moreover, their experimental removal resulted in decreased exudate quantity, indicating that these insects promote exudation. These results suggest that carpenterworms contribute greatly to sap exudation through wood boring and that their distribution and abundance affect sap resources.

著者

Taro Shiokawa Osamu Iwahashi

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.4, pp.487-494, 2000 (Released:2002-10-31)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

17 17

---

The dimorphism of weapon size in a stag beetle, Prosopocoilus dissimilis okinawanus Nomura was examined. The relationship between weapon size and body size became curvilinear when head length was included as a part of body size. However, when it was used as a part of weapon size a sigmoid relationship was obtained. Males could not be separated into two groups when nine traits were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). However, when the angle of the mandible (AN) was used in addition to the nine traits, males could be separated into two distinct groups (i.e. S and L types). When the size of each of the nine traits was plotted against the AN, males of the S type could be separated into two sub-groups in all combinations (i.e. S1 and S2 groups). The relationship between body size and weapon size showed that weapon size increased with body size in a quadratic manner in the S type, whereas it increased in a diminishing quadratic manner with body size in the L type. The difference in the relationship between weapon size and body size in the S and L types is discussed in relation to their combat behaviors.

著者

Kensuke Okada Takahisa Miyatake

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.42, no.3, pp.411-417, 2007 (Released:2007-09-20)

参考文献数

19

被引用文献数

5 6

---

Librodor japonicus (Motschulsky) is distributed throughout the satoyama forests in Japan, and inhabits the saps of oak trees all its life. Although the beetle is a potential indicator of bio-resource abundance in the satoyama forests, the life history traits and seasonal abundance have not been studied. In this study, first, the seasonal abundance of L. japonicus was investigated using banana bait traps in Okayama City in 2002. Two peaks of abundance were found: a large peak from April to June and a small peak from August to September. The beetles oviposited on banana slices, and a successful artificial rearing method was established using only banana slices and leaf mold. The effect of temperature on the survival rate, adult size and developmental period was examined at different temperatures. The survival rate and the adult size tended to be greater at 25°C than at other temperatures. The thermal thresholds and thermal constants calculated from egg to adult development were 5.6 and 5.9°C and 1,010.9 and 1,022.0 degree-days for females and males, respectively. On the basis of these developmental parameters and the seasonal abundance of L. japonicus, the number of generations per year in Okayama, Japan, was estimated to be one.

著者

Nahoko Sota Naoki Motoyama Kenji Fujisaki Fusao Nakasuji

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.33, no.3, pp.435-440, 1998-08-25 (Released:2008-02-07)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

28 31

---

The possibility that insecticide hormoligosis might be amplified by resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, was tested. The fecundity of females treated with sublethal doses (LD12.5 LD25 and LD50) of fenvalerate or methomyl in the non-selected generation increased in comparison with the control group treated with acetone. The number of eggs laid by treated females in the 10th generation of the fenvalerate-selected strain, which had developed about 10, 000-fold resistance, was the same or smaller than that of the control. On the other hand, fecundity in the 8th generation of the methomyl-selected strain, which had about 4.9-fold resistance, was slightly higher in the LD12.5 and LD25 than that of control. The intensity of insecticide hormoligosis did not depend on the dose of the insecticide although a sublethal dose of the insecticides stimulated reproduction in the susceptible DBM. Furthermore, the hormoligosis was not amplified in concert with the development of resistance in the DBM.

著者

Hiroshi Enomoto Tatsuaki Ishida Akito Hamagami Ritsuo Nishida

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.45, no.4, pp.551-556, 2010-11-25 (Released:2010-11-30)

参考文献数

33

被引用文献数

9 12

---

A series of 3-oxygenated derivatives of α-ionone and α-ionol have been characterized as highly specific male lures for the solanaceous fruit fly Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel). In order to optimize the activity, we tested several analogous compounds derived from the three known attractants, 3-oxo-α-ionone, 3-oxo-α-ionol, and 3-hydroxy-α-ionone. 3-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionone and 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionol were found to be potent attractants as well as feeding stimulants for the males in an indoor bioassay. While trans-3-hydroxy-α-ionone showed moderate attractant and feeding stimulant activity, the corresponding cis-isomer was weakly active, indicating the importance of the stereochemistry at the C-3 position. Synthetic trans-3-acetoxy-α-ionone exhibited lower activity than the corresponding 3-hydroxy derivative. B. latifrons males fed actively on 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionone, transformed it to 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionol, and sequestered this compound in a substantial quantity in the rectal glands. Males that fed on 3-oxo-7,8-dihydro-α-ionol incorporated the compound mostly unchanged in the rectal gland. In both cases, the rectal content was approximately 1 μg/gland at 6 h post-feeding on the chemicals, respectively. Selective accumulation of these 3-oxygenated α-ionone/α-ionol analogs suggests their possible role as a male sex pheromone.

著者

MORIMOTO Naotake FUJlN0 Masahiro TANAHASHI Norio KISHINO Hideaki

出版者

日本応用動物昆虫学会

雑誌

Applied entomology and zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.26, no.4, pp.435-442, 1991-11-25

被引用文献数

1

---

Coexistence of the two closely related species, Eurydema rugosum and E. pulchrum was studied both in the laboratory and in the field at Takato in Ina district, Nagano Prefecture, Central Japan. We investigated the distribution, life cycle, seasonal changes of adult population size, host plant preferences, and the effects of host plants on the survival and development of nymphs of the two species. Eurydema rugosum was distributed widely, whereas E. pulchrum was distributed locally in mountainous areas. Therefore, coexistence of the two species generally occurred in the Ina district which has a mountainous terrain. Adult populations of E. rugosum were highest in early or mid-May and decreased gradually thereafter. On the other hand, those of E. pulchrum increased from early July or late August, and the latter out-numbered the former in the autumn. We estimated that E. rugosum had two generations, whereas E. pulchrum had three. No appreciable difference in host plant preferences was found between the two species : the nymphs and the adults of both species fed together on the same host plant throughout the season. In addition, no appreciable difference in the survival and development of the nymphs on different host plants was found between the two species.

著者

Kimito FURUTA

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.4, pp.313-324, 1977-12-25 (Released:2008-02-07)

参考文献数

13

被引用文献数

1 5

---

Hunting spiders Oxyopes selatus and O. bodius are common in young pine plantations.The number of 3rd-instar larvae of Lymantria dispar captured by a spider was affected by the hunger of predator and the number of prey, but not exceeded three in 10 days. In a pine plantation, one spider killed less than one 3rd-instar larvae of L. dispar. No aggregation to prey densities was observed. The number of spiders in pine plantations was seemingly determined through dispersal, predation by natural enemies and other factors, and it was not sufficiently large to cause high mortality in macrolepidopterous caterpillars. The role of the spiders in determing the density of the caterpillars was considered as follows. (1)Mortality caused by the predation was negligibly small and inversely density-dependent.(2) Though, when small number of caterpillars was there on a tree, it would be exterminated on the tree. (3) And as the result, the distribution pattern of the caterpillars seemed to become contagious. (4) The spiders, however, could not control the local occurrence of the caterpillars

著者

JOHKI Yutaka HIDAKA Toshitaka

出版者

日本応用動物昆虫学会

雑誌

Applied entomology and zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.14, no.2, pp.164-172, 1979-05-25

被引用文献数

1

---

Pryeria sinica larvae were given to the lacertid lizards, Takydromus tachdromoides, in other to determine the protective effect of the conspicuous coloration of the larvae. Pryeria larva was protected perfectly from attacks by the lizards because of peculiarsmelling fluid secreted on the body surface of the larva. Yellow and black body color of Pryeria larva had a meaning as the "warning coloration" at least for a lezard. Characteristics of predatory behavior in Takydromus were analyzed and it was indicated that not only visual cues but also other factor(s) played important role in the process of recognition and choice of preys. Such a system appeared to be considerably defferent from that of birds.

著者

Yoshibumi Sato Shuichi Yano Junji Takabayashi Naota Ohsaki

出版者

日本応用動物昆虫学会

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.34, no.3, pp.333-337, 1999-08-25 (Released:2008-02-07)

参考文献数

23

被引用文献数

2 33

---

We studied oviposition preference of Pieris rapae females toward Rorippa indica plants exposed to different treatments (uninfested, artificially damaged and infested by P. rapae larvae)in a cage at an experimental field site. The females preferred uninfested plants to infested or artificially damaged ones and artificially damaged plants to infested ones. The data suggested that the females used chemicals emitted from damaged leaves to avoid unsuitable host plants. We conclude that the avoidance behavior of Pieris females towards infested food plants is adaptive for offspring from the viewpoint of not only resource availability but also parasitoid avoidance.

著者

Yamazaki Kazuo Imai Chobei Natuhara Yoshihiro

出版者

日本応用動物昆虫学会

雑誌

Applied entomology and zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.35, no.2, pp.215-223, 2000-05-25

参考文献数

30

被引用文献数

5 44

---

An exotic leaf beetle, Ophraella communa, originating from the Nearctic region, is a multivoltine oligophagous herbivore and was discovered in Japan in 1996. The host-use of the leaf beetle in the field with adult feeding choice and larval performance on some asteraceous plants in the laboratory were surveyed. O. communa showed a hierarchy of food-plant use: The leaf beetle first used Ambrosia artemisiifolia, on which adults preferred to feed and larvae developed well, and its population increased markedly until defoliating this food-plant. Then, the leaf beetle migrated to Am. trifida and Xanthium spp. In the laboratory, Am. trifida was not as preferred by adults as Am. artemisiifolia, although larval performance on Am. trifida was superior. Xanthium was inadequate both in terms of adult feeding choice and larval performance. Neither eggs nor larvae were found on the plant species on which no larvae completed their growth in the laboratory. These findings suggest that the exotic beetle has great mobility and host-discriminating ability. The finding, that Am. trifida was less used than Am. artemisiifolia despite Am. trifida being suitable for larvae, may be attributable to the fact that adutls tend to oviposit on Am. trifida subsequently to feeding.

著者

Shin-ya Ohba

出版者

日本応用動物昆虫学会

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.3, pp.447-453, 2009-08-25 (Released:2009-12-16)

参考文献数

29

被引用文献数

8 24 8

---

A number of descriptive reports suggest that Cybister larvae feed on tadpoles, fish, and aquatic insects; however, no quantitative study on their feeding habits has been reported. In order to elucidate the feeding ecology of C. brevis larvae, field observations and laboratory experiments were carried out. In the field, all C. brevis larvae fed on invertebrates, such as insects and isopoda, but did not eat vertebrates, such as fish and anuran larvae. A rearing experiment demonstrated that all C. brevis larvae provided with tadpoles died. Larvae provided with Odonata nymphs had a longer total body length than larvae reared with a mixture of tadpoles and Odonata nymphs. In addition, larvae of C. brevis could search for and eat motionless Odonata nymphs, but all larvae died from starvation when they were supplied with motionless tadpoles. These results suggested that C. brevis larvae mainly preyed upon invertebrate animals and did not eat vertebrate animals, such as tadpoles and fish.

著者

Yisiaki ITO Seigo HIGASHI

出版者

日本応用動物昆虫学会

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.22, no.4, pp.519-527, 1987-11-25 (Released:2008-02-07)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

10

---

Spring behaviour of Rapalidia plebeiana females within a huge nest aggregation was observed under a bridge in Cabbage Tree Creek, New South Wales, Australia. Although a great many combs existed in a dense aggregation, each comb was defended by a group of particular females, and intercomb drift of females was not frequent, suggesting that the social systme of R. plebeiana in huge nest aggregation was not a 'supercolony' reported in some ants, but a permanent aggregation of independent nests. Females oviposited in old cells; viz. combs were used more than one year. More than ninety percent of females were inseminated and seventy percent had developed eggs in ovaries.

著者

Takahiko Mizuno Hisashi Kajimura

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.44, no.3, pp.363-370, 2009-08-25 (Released:2009-12-16)

参考文献数

22

被引用文献数

16 16

---

To develop a better system for rearing ambrosia beetles, we tested semi-artificial diets with different ingredients and structures. For the rearing of Xyleborus pfeili (Ratzeburg), we prepared diets composed of Douglas-fir sawdust, potato starch, dried yeast, sugar, and distilled water. The addition of antibiotics (streptomycin and penicillin) to a diet with a single-layer structure did not inhibit fungal contamination, and resulted in fewer X. pfeili offspring. Diets containing neither the starch nor the yeast effectively prevented fungal contamination, but did not produce offspring. A diet with a two-layer structure, in which different diets were placed in the lower layer (all ingredients) and the upper layer (sawdust, sugar, and water) in a glass tube, greatly increased the reproductive success of X. pfeili. The length of the gallery system, the number of offspring, their sex ratio, and the timing of gallery boring and oviposition by mother beetles on the two-layer structure were not significantly different from those on a three-layer structure used in previous research that also contained a thin layer of Douglas-fir resin. Thus, the diet with a two-layer structure appears to be a useful and simpler method for rearing ambrosia beetles.

著者

Yoshihisa ABE

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.30, no.1, pp.83-89, 1995-02-25 (Released:2008-02-07)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

16 12

---

Gall parasitism by moth larvae of unisexual galls produced by Trichagalma serratae (ASHMEAD) in Nose, Osaka, Japan was surveyed by dissection of galls. Larvae or pupae of Andrioplecta pulverula (MEYRICK) and Characoma ruficirra (HAMPSON) were found in the galls. The two moth species did not significantly affect the survival of T. serratae on seven of the eight trees examined. Overall, attack by Megastigmus habui KAMIJO was the most important mortaliy factor for the gall wasp after gall initiation. Larval feeding habits of the two moth species were examined under laboratory conditions. A. pulverula larvae were able to feed on Q. acutissima leaves, but preferred unisexual galls of T. serratae. Some of the A. pulverula larvae boring into the galls fed on the larval cells and their inhabitants. The moth is therefore usually a cecidophage, but often becomes a predator of the gall wasp. Like A. pulverula, C. ruficirra larvae were able to feed on Q. acutissima leaves, but preferred T. serratae galls. However, the C. ruficirra larvae boring into the galls did not attack the larval cells, though they could feed on T. serratae larvae that had been artificially exposed. Thus, the larval cell wall of T. serratae functions as a barrier against C. ruficirra larvae. This moth is regarded as a commensal of T. serratae.

著者

Haruko Yoshie Yoichi Yusa

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.43, no.4, pp.475-482, 2008-11-25 (Released:2008-11-30)

参考文献数

24

被引用文献数

21 23

---

We studied the predatory potential of the turtle Chinemys reevesii on the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata using two series of experiments. First, we investigated the relationship between turtle body size and the maximum size of snails consumed over a period of 3 days within 0.37 m2 containers. The maximum snail size consumed was positively related with turtle size. Secondly, we investigated the predation of snails by turtles over a period of 8 weeks. We released 200 snails (10–30 mm shell height) and an adult turtle (155–183 mm carapace length) into each of two 2.08 m2 plots with soil and rice plants. Subsequently, snail density was monitored every week and 200 snails were added to low density plots up to twice a week. Two control plots with the same initial density of snails but without turtles were also monitored. The density and survival rate of snails were lower in plots with a turtle than in control plots. We estimated that a single turtle consumed >2,000 snails in 8 weeks. In addition, the biomass of duckweed (given as food for snails) was greater in turtle plots than in control plots, suggesting that the presence of turtles had an indirect effect on weed.

著者

Bing Chen Le Kang

出版者

JAPANESE SOCIETY OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY

雑誌

Applied Entomology and Zoology (ISSN:00036862)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.40, no.3, pp.437-446, 2005 (Released:2005-11-25)

参考文献数

43

被引用文献数

25 25

---

This study investigated the cold tolerance of a laboratory-reared population and latitude-separated populations of the leafminer Liriomyza sativae in China in terms of low-temperature survival rate and supercooling capacity. Pupae of the laboratory-reared population are susceptible to freezing temperatures. The supercooling point of the pupae varied at a maximum of up to 10°C among the geographic populations. Both acclimation of the pupae at 5 and 10°C significantly increased the cold survival rate of laboratory-reared and field-collected populations. But the field population had a more active response to the same acclimation regime. Combining the experimental data with previous field investigations, the −2°C isotherm of the minimum mean temperature of January was proposed as the leafminer's over-wintering range limit. Meanwhile, with the widespread availability of greenhouses as a source of re-infestation in northern China, the leafminer's natural border of distribution should be determined by the minimum temperature in warm seasons. Our results suggest that biologically similar Liriomyza species may cope with the intensifying cold stress along the latitude by adopting a mixed cold-tolerance strategy, which is closely associated with the greenhouse microhabitats. The physiologically based modeling of the over-wintering limit provides a tool for guiding the management for greenhouse pests and predicting the source of pest infestation.