著者

Hideki Kawahara

出版者

Acoustical Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.15, no.3, pp.201-202, 1994 (Released:2011-02-17)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

22 30

著者

Eberhard Zwicker Hugo Fastl Ulrich Widmann Kenji Kurakata Sonoko Kuwano Seiichiro Namba

出版者

Acoustical Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.39-42, 1991 (Released:2011-02-17)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

46 87

---

The method for calculating loudness level proposed by Zwicker is standardized in ISO 532B. This is a graphical procedure and it can be tedious to calculate loudness level by this procedure. Recently, DIN 45631 has been revised including a computer program for calculating loudness level in BASIC which runs on IBM-compatible PC's. Since the NEC PC-9801 series computers are popular in Japan, the program has been modified for the NEC PC-9801 series computers and is introduced in this paper.

著者

奥 圭一 矢来 篤史 中西 卓二

出版者

一般社団法人日本音響学会

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.21, no.2, pp.97-104, 2000-03

参考文献数

8

被引用文献数

3 2

---

When using glasses as musical instruments (also referred to as the glass-harp), the pitch needs to be minutely adjusted. That is, it needs to be tuned. A wide adjustment range has been achieved by a new method that locally shaves the bottom of the cup of each vessel circumferencially. The pitch decreased in proportion to the quantity of glass shaved. This relationship between the quantity of glass shaved and the change in pitch was clarified both experimentally and analytically by Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis. The amount of pitch change accompanied with the shaving method is occasionally limited by the vessel shape. In such cases, pitch can be changed by filling wine glasses with specific quantities of water, a well-known conventional tuning method. This auxiliary method has been measured experimentally and analyzed by FEM to clarify the relationship between the water quantity in vessels and the amount of pitch change. A harmonics analysis was also performed. Using these procedures, prediction of vibration frequency could be done in advance, which means a desired pitch can be easily obtained.

著者

Ueda Kazuo Hirahara Tatsuya

出版者

一般社団法人日本音響学会

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.3, pp.131-138, 1991-05

被引用文献数

3 1

---

Loudness comparisons were performed by four subjects, under two experimental conditions: free field (anechoic room) and diffuse field (reverberation room). Each subject adjusted the headphone level of critical band noise bursts untill they were equally loud as those from a reference loudspeaker (70 dB SPL). Measurement scatter was smaller in the diffuse field than in the free field. To examine the reliability of loudness judgments at high frequencies, another method-hearing thresholds by Bekesy tracking-was employed. Each subject's threshold was measured with both loudspeakers and headphones. After compensation was made for the loudspeaker and room transfer functions, headphone frequency response was extrapolated from the results. This method led to high-frequency responses similar to those from loudness comparison. A loudness comparison experiment in which the subjects continuously wore a headphone was performed. However, the method of sound pressure loss measurement should be reconsidered.

著者

Masato Akagi Taro Ienaga

出版者

Acoustical Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.2, pp.73-80, 1997 (Released:2011-02-17)

参考文献数

7

被引用文献数

2 9

---

Speaker individualities in fundamental frequency (F0) contours are investigated through analyses of several speakers'uttered speech and psychoacoustic experiments. The analyses are performed to extract significant physical characteristics of F0 by using Fujisaki and Hirose's analysis method and the F-ratio of each physical characteristic. The experiments are performed to clarify the relationship between these physical characteristics and the perception of speaker's speech. The stimuli used in the experiments are re-synthesized with manipulated Fo contours and spectral envelopes averaged overall for all speakers by using the Log Magnitude Approximation analysis-synthesis system. The analysis and experimental results indicate that (1) there is speaker individuality in the Fo contours, (2) some specific parameters related to the dynamics of F0 contours have many speaker individuality features and speaker individuality can be controlled by manipulating these parameters, and (3) although there are speaker individuality features in the time-averaged F0, they help improve speaker identification less than the dynamics of the F0 contours.

著者

Toshio Irino Masashi Unoki

出版者

Acoustical Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.20, no.6, pp.397-406, 1999 (Released:2011-02-17)

参考文献数

26

被引用文献数

8 21

---

This paper proposes a new auditory filterbank that enables signal resynthesis from dynamic representations produced by a level-dependent auditory filterbank. The filterbank is based on a new IIR implementation of the gammachirp, which has been shown to be an excellent candidate for asymmetric, level-dependent auditory filters. Initially, the gammachirp filter is shown to be decomposed into a combination of a gammatone filter and an asymmetric function. The asymmetric function is excellently simulated with a minimum-phase IIR filter, named the “asymmetric compensation filter”. Then, two filterbank structures are presented each based on the combination of a gammatone filterbank and a bank of asymmetric compensation filters controlled by a signal level estimation mechanism. The inverse filter of the asymmetric compensation filter is always stable because the minimum-phase condition is satisfied. When a bank of inverse filters is utilized after the gammachirp analysis filterbank and the idea of wavelet transform is applied, it is possible to resynthesize signals with small time-invariant errors and achieve a guaranteed precision. This feature has never been accomplished by conventional active auditory filterbanks. The proposed analysis/synthesis gammachirp filterbank is expected to be useful in various applications where human auditory filtering has to be modeled.

著者

岩宮 眞一郎 小杉 経平 北村 音一

出版者

Acoustical Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.73-82, 1983 (Released:2011-02-17)

参考文献数

17

被引用文献数

8 9

---

When we listen to vibrato tones, we perceive not only frequency fluctuation but also somewhat steady pitch. This pitch sensation of vibrato tones is defined as “principal pitch.” The principal pitch of vibrato tones is located around its carrier frequency, by a method of adjustment. As the location of principal pitch of vibrato tones has the width proportional to its extent of frequency changing, it is impossible to be located more precisely. The principal pitch of symmetrical trill tones is located around its carrier frequency, too. The location of principal pitch of asymmetrical trill tones is shifted in the direction of the longer one between high frequency interval and low frequency interval. This means that the location of principal pitch of frequency modulated tones is defined not only by higher and lower extremes of modulation extent but also by the whole process of frequency changing. It is more shifted than the simple time average of frequency changing. From these experimental results we suppose the pitch averaging mechanism in the auditory process to perceive principal pitch of frequency modulated tones. In this process, this mechanism samples pitch changing continuously, registers in sensory store, and averages every certain moment. When a pitch distribution of frequency modulated tones is asymmetrical, this mechanism accomplishes its function after emphasizing the large part of the distributio.

著者

Masahiro Ishibashi Tohru Idogawa

出版者

Acoustical Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.8, no.4, pp.139-144, 1987 (Released:2011-02-17)

参考文献数

5

被引用文献数

2

---

Input impulse responses of several bassoons are presented. The impulse responses are obtained by the inverse Fourier transform of measured input impedances of the bassoons as seen from the bocal entrance. Method of input impedance determination are outlined. Comparison of the impulse responses shows such differences between a particular bas-soon and the others as can be found only by test blowing.

著者

Minoru Nagata

出版者

Acoustical Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.59-72, 1989 (Released:2011-02-17)

参考文献数

15

被引用文献数

1 2

著者

Hyun-yeol Chung Shozo Makino Ken'iti Kido

出版者

Acoustical Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.9, no.5, pp.225-232, 1988 (Released:2011-02-17)

参考文献数

11

被引用文献数

1 4

---

This paper describes analysis and recognition of eight Korean isolated vowels based on the distributions of formant frequencies. In the distributions of vowels on the F1-F2 plane, we found overlappings between the vowels /u/, /o/, /∂/ and /w/, /ε/ and /e/ overlapped heavily as if they are the same vowels. In the comparative investigation of the dialect of Seoul and Kyungsangdo, Kyungsangdo dialect showed a heavy overlapping between /∂/ and /w/. As a recognition experiment, the speaker-independent recognition with Bayes decision method was carried out for 1, 760 isolated vowels spoken by 20 speakers. A recognition rate of 81.2% correct was obtained with the formant frequencies F1 and F2while the rate with LPC cepstrum coefficients was only 76.4%. Normalization for eliminating inter-speaker differences showed good results for vowels uttered by speakers of the same dialect. The highest recognition rate of 99.8 % was obtained using a supervised learning method.

著者

Zwicker Eberhard Fastl Hugo Widnmann Ulrich Kurakata Kenji Kuwano Sonoko Namba Seiichiro

出版者

Acoustical Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.12, no.1, pp.39-42, 1991

被引用文献数

28 87

---

The method for calculating loudness level proposed by Zwicker is standardized in ISO 532B. This is a graphical procedure and it can be tedious to calculate loudness level by this procedure. Recently, DIN 45631 has been revised including a computer program for calculating loudness level in BASIC which runs on IBM-compatible PC's. Since the NEC PC-9801 series computers are popular in Japan, the program has been modified for the NEC PC-9801 series computers and is introduced in this paper.

著者

安藤 由典

出版者

一般社団法人日本音響学会

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.7, no.2, pp.99-111, 1986-03

被引用文献数

4

---

By the calculating method reported in the previous paper, the input admittance curves of six shakuhachis of 4 types were obtained. In this paper, the played pitch frequencies were measured and their relation to the correspondent peak frequencies of input admittance was found. From this relation, the magnitude of the acoustic inertance generated at the mouth end and resonance curves under the playing state were calculated. As for the levels at the multiples of the lowest two peak frequencies of resonance curve, their average varying rate per 20 cents change of the pitch frequency was estimated. The rate is about 3. 0 dB and 3. 6 dB in the lower and higher octave respectively. This rate suggests how much the harmonic levels of played tones vary with the performance of the pitch control techniques as "meri" or "kari. " Based on these values, the arrangement of resonance frequencies which is desirable for the musical expression aimed in pitch control was discussed.

著者

安藤 由典 大谷木 靖

出版者

一般社団法人日本音響学会

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.6, no.2, pp.89-101, 1985-04

被引用文献数

1

---

The input admittance measuring system for shakuhachis was constructed and its accuracy was examined in detail. Then basing on the comparison with input admittance measurement of various pipes by the use of this system, input admittance calculating method was improved for the purpose of obtaining sufficient validity to be used for design practice of the shakuhachi or any other woodwinds. The pipes used in the comparison were 4 straight tubes with and without side holes and two real shakuhachis. The maximum error of the measuring system was estimated to be 5. 3 cent in peak frequency and 2. 2 dB in absolute level. The average differences of calculated frequency and level of input admittance peaks from those measured were less than 3 cent and 3 dB respectively. As for levels of higher peaks relative to the first peak as well as the levels at the multiples of the two lowest peak frequencies, the calculated values showed well coincidence with those measured.

著者

日比 正史

出版者

Acoustical Society of Japan

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.4, no.2, pp.83-95, 1983 (Released:2011-02-17)

参考文献数

12

被引用文献数

21 38

---

In perception of regular sequence of stimulus sounds that is neither too rapid nor too slow, we tend to perceive it as rhythmic. In the present study, we investigated the degree of temporal distortion intervened in the sequence which was needed in order for listeners to be able to report an irregularity, and we also investigated the timing patterns of the repetition of monosyllables as a response to the regular sound sequence. The degree of distortion which afforded 50% judgments of detection was found to be about 6% in the region of rates slower than 3 times per second, and about 7.6∼8.9% depending upon the type of distortion in the region of rates more rapid than 4 times per second. Another experiment showed that a negative correlation between the time intervals of neighboring vicinity which suggested an adjusting mechanism was found only in the region of rates slower than 3 times per second. From the results, the author tentatively concludes that the ongoing processing mechanism works in the region of rates slower than 3 times per second and the wholistic processing mechanism works in the region of rates more rapid than 3 times per second.

著者

田口 友康 鈴木 直哉

出版者

一般社団法人日本音響学会

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.16, no.1, pp.37-39, 1995-01

被引用文献数

2

著者

フーゴー ファスル 桑野 園子 難波 精一郎

出版者

一般社団法人日本音響学会

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.17, no.3, pp.139-148, 1996-05

参考文献数

28

被引用文献数

7

---

When the subjective impressions of traffic noises with the same values of L_&ltAeq&gt are compared, it is often found that rail noise is judged to be less annoying than road traffic noise or aircraft noise. The present experiments were designed to examine the so-called "railway bonus" in laboratory situations. 15 minute noises which contained several events of road traffic noise and/or rail noise were used and their instantaneous loudness as well as overall loudness were judged by German and Japanese subjects. It was confirmed from the results that there may exist a railway bonus in the judgments of loudness also in laboratory situations. That is, the rail noise was judged to be softer than road traffic noise by the both groups of subjects even if the L_&ltAeq&gt Values were the same. Possible reasons for the existence of the railway bonus may be the difference in frequency components, frequency of events, subjective meanings, etc. between both sound sources. Further systematical and detailed experiments are needed in order to determine the magnitude of the railway bonus as well as its underlying mechanism.

著者

荒井 隆行 岡崎 恵子 今富 摂子 吉田 裕一

出版者

一般社団法人日本音響学会

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.18, no.6, pp.297-304, 1997-11

被引用文献数

1

---

Palatalized articulation (PA) is frequently observed in speech uttered by postoperative cleft palate patients. Provided the acoustical and perceptual cues of PA can be found, speech therapists will be able to use these cues to diagnose PA non-invasively and objectively. We tested human perception of certain synthetic sounds to verify the cues of the PA of /s/ in Japanese. To synthesize the fricatives, we modified the center frequency and the bandwidth of a complex-conjugate pole pair of an all-pole filter obtained from the linear predictive analysis of the PA of /s/. First, we shifted the center frequency from 1,000 to 3,000 Hz, while the relative bandwidth, or Q factor, was fixed at 10. Subsequently, we shifted the Q factor from 1 to 10, while the center frequency was fixed at 1,800 Hz. The results of a perceptual experiment involving nine speech therapists were conclusive that fricatives having a peak between 1,600 and 2,400 Hz tend to be identified as the PA of /s/, and fricatives having a peak at 1,800 Hz with the Q factor &gt5, tend to be identified as the PA of /s/. The two-tube model also showed that a peak around 2 kHz characterizes the PA of /s/.

著者

Yamasaki Yoshio Itow Takeshi

出版者

一般社団法人日本音響学会

雑誌

Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) (ISSN:03882861)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.10, no.2, pp.101-110, 1989

被引用文献数

41 43

---

When we estimate a sound field in a room, it is important to grasp the spatial informa-tion, especially of the early reflection periods. In this paper we'll discuss a way to grasp the spatial information of sound fields from impulse responses measured at closely located four points, the origin and three points of the same distance (3∼5cm) from the origin on the rectangular coordinate axes. From these four impulse responses the coordinates and powers of virtual image sources are calculated by correlation technique or intensity technique. Concert halls, opera theaters and many other sound fields are measured by this technique. The distributions of virtual image sources and directivity patterns of some concert halls are shown.