著者

土屋 由香

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 = The American review (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

no.54, pp.67-87, 2020

著者

森山 貴仁

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 = The American review (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

no.54, pp.89-111, 2020

著者

前嶋 和弘

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 = The American review (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

no.54, pp.137-157, 2020

著者

荻堂 裕司

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2003, no.37, pp.137-155, 2003-03-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

67

著者

久保田 きぬ子

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1968, no.2, pp.161-172, 1968-03-20 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

24

著者

中野 耕太郎

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 = American review (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

no.51, pp.91-116, 2017

著者

横山 良

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1984, no.18, pp.87-105, 1984-03-25 (Released:2010-10-28)

参考文献数

81

著者

加藤 一誠

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2000, no.34, pp.141-157, 2000-03-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

43

著者

羽村 貴史

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

no.49, pp.217-237, 2015

著者

二神 弘

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1972, no.6, pp.36-51, 1972-03-31 (Released:2010-06-11)

参考文献数

13

著者

志村 正雄

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1983, no.17, pp.34-48, 1983-03-25 (Released:2010-10-28)

参考文献数

9

著者

大辻 千恵子

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1994, no.28, pp.91-110, 1994-03-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

91

著者

吉見 俊哉

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2005, no.39, pp.85-103, 2005-03-25 (Released:2010-10-28)

参考文献数

22

著者

佐藤 千登勢

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1997, no.31, pp.83-105, 1997-03-25 (Released:2010-10-28)

参考文献数

84

著者

大津留 智恵子

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1991, no.25, pp.143-159, 1991-03-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

54

著者

河村 哲二

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.2003, no.37, pp.23-43, 2003-03-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

70

著者

上西 哲雄

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.48, pp.21-38, 2014-03-25 (Released:2021-11-06)

---

Mark Twain is said to have written Pudd’nhead Wilson (1892) in a pessimistic mood when his financial situation was rapidly deteriorating. This article essays to examine the novel and its background in search of the cause of his pessimism.The book is composed of two similar stories, “Pudd’nhead Wilson” and “Those Extraordinary Twins,” with the same characters in the same place during the same time period, both of which, however, deal differently with elections. In the latter, Siamese twins run for municipal positions from different parties, only one of them to be elected as an alderman of the city. Meanwhile, in the former story, elections are described in a less complicated way: the twins, physically separated, stand as candidates from the same party, both of them to be defeated. It is noticeable that “Pudd’nhead Wilson” specifies the years of its story: it begins in 1830, a few foreshadowing incidents happen in 1845, and in 1853 appear the main episodes including the municipal elections. This article examines the mid-19th century situation of Missouri State, especially the author’s home town Hannibal, in order to trace his pessimism back to his early life.Eighteen fifty-three was when the Kansas-Nebraska Act was proposed and fiercely disputed, and the next year the act was approved. The act allowed the two territories to become federal states of slavery but also prepared for the transcontinental railroad expected to be constructed in both or either of the two states which adjoin Missouri State. Railroad construction was a driving force of economic growth on the frontier, which brought forth urban areas including Hannibal, and a booming economy including land speculations all over the state. The story uses the specific year to make readers imagine that behind the sleepy town in fiction, real societies were undergoing economic advancement, leading to the urbanization of Missouri State.In “Pudd’nhead Wilson,” the grandees of the old community are plunged into tragedy by an urban character, Tom Driscoll, who is reared by a land speculator and, while studying in the East, learns city fashion and gambling, and, after frequenting the big city of St. Louis for gambling, ends up killing his foster father for money. The tragedy represents urbanization in mid-19th century Missouri society.The author’s father, John Marshall Clemens, who immigrated from the south and ended up planted in Hannibal, had repeated financial collapses due to land speculations, which the very young Twain witnessed. Apart from his financial troubles, John Marshall was a prominent citizen engaging in urban reform activities in the town. It is possible, however, to suppose from reading the novel that experiences in his very young days lead the author to think his own financial trouble originated in his father’s inclination toward speculation, for which, in the story, he seems to blame the age of economic boom and urbanization.

著者

寺地 功次

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1996, no.30, pp.57-77, 1996-03-25 (Released:2010-11-26)

参考文献数

120

著者

奥出 直人

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.1985, no.19, pp.81-103, 1985-03-25 (Released:2010-10-28)

参考文献数

83

著者

平体 由美

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, pp.49-68, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-30)

---

The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health was founded in 1916 on the recommendation of the Welch-Rose report submitted to the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board (IHB) to modernize public health education. This research-oriented graduate school not only generated notable scientists but also became a model for other universities; however, it did not directly contribute to the improvement of rural health. Wickliffe Rose, one of the contributors to the report, had had a vision to train personnel as public health officers for rural areas who would supervise and educate people to improve rural health. Rose did not promote his idea in the Welch-Rose report due to the IHB’s bias against him, but his vision was passed on to John A. Ferrell, an IHB director who strongly believed that every county must have a health board with a skilled public health officer. In the early 1920s, Ferrell launched a campaign in rural counties and secured budgets from the IHB to support local health boards and to induce public health students to apply for internships. Counties and towns were experiencing a growing need for public health personnel, but many of them could not employ a health officer because of budget shortfalls. Graduates from best schools were not attracted to such underpaid and unstable jobs with slim future prospects. Meanwhile, public health nurses and school nurses filled the role of local health workers and educated families on personal hygiene, nutrition, and childcare, paving the way for more organized community health institutions. The presence of nurses in the southern and western mountain areas encouraged women to enter medicine but marginalized public health work. To Ferrell, rural counties still needed a health officer to administer broad health-work with the local government, the courts, physicians, and civic organizations—a role nurses would be unable to fill. The Social Security Act of 1935 provided federal subsidies for rural public health work; however, a discrepancy between the counties’ requirement of field-based health workers and the scientific training of specialists promoted by the IHB continued to shape the rural public health structure until the 1950s.