著者

平体 由美

出版者

札幌学院大学総合研究所

雑誌

札幌学院大学人文学会紀要 = Journal of the Society of Humanities (ISSN:09163166)

巻号頁・発行日

no.92, pp.111-118, 2012-10-01

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研究ノート

著者

平体 由美

出版者

アメリカ学会

雑誌

アメリカ研究 (ISSN:03872815)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.56, pp.49-68, 2022-03-25 (Released:2022-03-30)

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The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health was founded in 1916 on the recommendation of the Welch-Rose report submitted to the Rockefeller Foundation International Health Board (IHB) to modernize public health education. This research-oriented graduate school not only generated notable scientists but also became a model for other universities; however, it did not directly contribute to the improvement of rural health. Wickliffe Rose, one of the contributors to the report, had had a vision to train personnel as public health officers for rural areas who would supervise and educate people to improve rural health. Rose did not promote his idea in the Welch-Rose report due to the IHB’s bias against him, but his vision was passed on to John A. Ferrell, an IHB director who strongly believed that every county must have a health board with a skilled public health officer. In the early 1920s, Ferrell launched a campaign in rural counties and secured budgets from the IHB to support local health boards and to induce public health students to apply for internships. Counties and towns were experiencing a growing need for public health personnel, but many of them could not employ a health officer because of budget shortfalls. Graduates from best schools were not attracted to such underpaid and unstable jobs with slim future prospects. Meanwhile, public health nurses and school nurses filled the role of local health workers and educated families on personal hygiene, nutrition, and childcare, paving the way for more organized community health institutions. The presence of nurses in the southern and western mountain areas encouraged women to enter medicine but marginalized public health work. To Ferrell, rural counties still needed a health officer to administer broad health-work with the local government, the courts, physicians, and civic organizations—a role nurses would be unable to fill. The Social Security Act of 1935 provided federal subsidies for rural public health work; however, a discrepancy between the counties’ requirement of field-based health workers and the scientific training of specialists promoted by the IHB continued to shape the rural public health structure until the 1950s.

著者

市川 智生 福士 由紀 平体 由美 星野 高徳 前田 勇樹 戸部 健 井上 弘樹 趙 菁

出版者

沖縄国際大学

雑誌

基盤研究(B)

巻号頁・発行日

2020-04-01

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本研究は、従来の医療社会史の中心的課題であった感染症対策ではなく、近代化の過程において健康とされる状態がどのように認識されてきたのか、すなわち「健康観」の歴史的解明を目標としている。日本(アイヌおよび琉球・沖縄を含む)、中国(上海、天津)、植民地統治期および戦後の台湾と朝鮮・韓国がその対象である。歴史資料の収集・検証とこれまでに利用してきた感染症関係資料の再検証をもとに、左記の地域を専門とする研究者が共同で歴史研究を実施する。政治、文化、社会経済、自然環境などに影響された多様な「健康観」形成の歴史を明らかにし、現代社会への継承のあり方まで特定する。

著者

平体 由美

出版者

リトン

雑誌

死生学年報

巻号頁・発行日

pp.179-196, 2020

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Coping with disease and taking action to maintain one's health have been both personal and private undertakings in many cultures of the world. In 19th century America, people sought help among family, relatives, and the surrounding community when they were sick, or turned to advice books when they wished to improve their health. Such practices continue even now, though public health interventions have also become common since the early 20th century. In this article, some factors leading to the rise in public health interventions in 20th century America are explained. Initially there was criticism and resistance when unknown persons such as public health officials or well-meaning third persons advised the public to get vaccinated or follow proper sanitation and hygiene rules, so as to be admitted as "decent citizens" by the mainstream. However, through seemingly scientific child-rearing advice given by people who were concerned about decreasing the infant mortality rate, immigrants and poor families began to accept check-ups and interventions by visiting nurses and public health officials. Children were also a channel for promoting modern public health services, and for spreading the ideology that personal health connects to public responsibility.

著者

平体 由美

出版者

札幌学院大学

雑誌

札幌学院大学人文学会紀要 (ISSN:09163166)

巻号頁・発行日

vol.67, pp.1-21, 2000-03

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第一次世界大戦時のアメリカにおける戦争広報は, 国民の自主協力に大きく負っていた。広報委員会は自主協力を, 国民の民主主義の実践, 政府機関の民主的運営の現れとして歓迎した。しかしその方法は, 民主的であろうとした広報委員会のコントロールを弱め, 移民の急増によって高まっていたアメリカ化への志向を統一強化することとなった。